Verbs being used as adjectives
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Participles come in all three tenses (present,
perfect, and future) and both voices (active and
passive)
The boy, running to the city, was happy.
Which word in this sentence is the participle?
What is happening first, the boy being happy
or the boy running to the city?
At the same time!
How to identify, form, and translate
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The stem of the participle comes from the
second principal part of the verb without the
infinitive ending:
laudare  laud
monēre  mon
regere  reg
audire  aud
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The connecting vowels for the present
participles are the same as the imperfect tense:
laud + a  lauda
mon + e  mone
reg + e  rege
aud + ie  audie
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Since participles are used in the sentence as
adjectives, they will use adjective endings.
Present Participles will use third declension
endings
To our stem + vowel, we will add –ns (for the
nominative) and –ntis (for the genitive):
lauda  laudans, laudantis
mone  monens, monentis
rege  regens, regentis
audie  audiens, audientis
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You can add any ending from the third
declension in any gender to the stem of a
present participle
The stem is the genitive without the –is . . . we
will add to whatever is left (let’s try –es):
laudantis  laudant + es  laudantes
monentis  monent + es  monentes
regentis  regent + es  regentes
audientis  audient + es  audientes
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Present participles will agree with their nouns
in case, number, and gender
The best translation is ‘_____ing’
puer currens ad urbem laetus erat.
The boy, running to the city, was happy.
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Present participles happen the same time as the
main verb
Their stem comes from the second principal
part
They use only third declension endings
They agree with their noun in case, number,
and gender
They are best translated as ‘_____ing’