INDUSTRIALIZATION:
ù Industrialization is the process
of developing industries that use
machines to produce goods.
ù Industrial Revolution is the
process by which European
nations changed from mostly
agricultural societies to
industrialized ones.
Characteristics of Industrialization:
ù Replacement of animal/human power by
harnessed forms of natural energy
 Steam
 Electricity & Oil
 Nuclear Power
ù Making of goods by machines in
factories
ù Accompanied by…
 Urbanization
 New class structure
 Slow but steady rise in standard of
living
 Mass consumption of goods
Why Great
Britain?
ù
ù
ù
Improved agricultural
practices = more food,
less labor, cheaper
prices
Population growth =
large labor force
Many entrepreneurs
with a ready supply of
capital
ù
Plentiful natural
resources
ù
Ready supply of
markets
The Cottage Industry:
Innovations in Weaving & Spinning:
Kay’s “flying shuttle
Crompton’s “spinning mule”
Hargreaves’s “spinning jenny”
Arkwright’s “water frame”
Cartwright’s Power Loom
Moved the workers from the cottage to the factory !
James Watt’s Steam Engine 1776-82
The Most Important Invention of the Industrial Revolution !
The Impact of the Railroad
The Factory
Rigid schedule.
12-14 hour day.
Dangerous conditions.
Mind-numbing monotony.
Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851
Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.
Industrialization By 1850
Second Industrial Revolution
(1850-1914
ù Power Sources:




Steel
Chemicals
Electricity
Petroleum
ù Innovations:



Telegraphs, Telephones & Radios
Light Bulbs
Automobiles, Airplanes & Improved Ocean
Liners
Child Labor in the Factories
Labor in the Mines
Child
“hurriers”
Woman
“hurriers”
Young
Coal
Miners
Child Labor Today
The
Industrial
Revolution
in Britain by
1850
The
Growth of
Manchester,
England
1750-1850
Industrial Manchester:
Cotton Mills, AncoatsLane, Manchester c.
1820
World’s 1st public railway:
Liverpool to Manchester
Manchester from a Distance 1857:
Manchester from Kersal Moor, by William Wylde in 1857. Manchester
acquired the nickname Cottonopolis during the early 19th century
owing to its sprawl of textile factories.
Worker Housing in Manchester:
Factory Workers at Home
Problem of Cholera
The Silent Highwayman - 1858
View of Manchester 1870:
Source: View from Blackfriars bridge over the River Irwell, The Graphic,
weekly magazine dealing with social issues, 1870's.
Manchester Today:
1990
The
Skyline of
Shanghai
1990-today
today
Air Pollution in Shanghai:
Air Pollution in Shanghai:
Pollution in the Huangpu River:
Overcrowded Housing in Shanghai:
A Traffic Jam in Shanghai:
New Industrial Social Order
“Bourgeoisie”
Professionals & White-collar
workers
 15% of pop; 27% of wealth
Aristocracy & Wealthy
Industrialists
 5% of pop; 33% of wealth
New
Elite
“Proletariat”
Middle-Class
Skilled & Semi-skilled
workers
 80% of pop; 40% of wealth
Working
Class
The Socialists:
Utopians & Marxists
People as a society would operate and own the
means of production, not individuals.
Their goal was a society that benefited
everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
Utopians tried to build perfect communities [utopias].
Marxists called for a worker revolution that would create a
classless society [communism].
The Communist Manifesto, 1848
Key Ideas

Profit is based on exploitation

History is story of class
struggle

Called for worker revolution
against capitalist state
Workers of the World
Unite!
Karl Marx
Bourgeoisie
Proletariat
&
Friedrich Engels
Communism
Trade Union Movement
V New associations formed by skilled
laborers in # of new industries
organized by socialists
V Willing to strike to obtain goals
V By 1914, they had bettered both the
living & working conditions of the
working class
CAPITALISM
Who owns means of
production?
Idea of Progress
Basic Philosophy
Distribution of Wealth
Role of Gov’t in Economy
SOCIALISM
CAPITALISM
Who owns means of
production?
Idea of Progress
Basic Philosophy
Distribution of Wealth
Role of Gov’t in Economy
private individuals/
businesses
SOCIALISM
Who owns means of
production?
Idea of Progress
Basic Philosophy
Distribution of Wealth
Role of Gov’t in Economy
CAPITALISM
SOCIALISM
private individuals/
businesses
community or state (gov’t)
CAPITALISM
SOCIALISM
Who owns means of
production?
private individuals/
businesses
community or state (gov’t)
Idea of Progress
individuals following own
self-interest
Basic Philosophy
Distribution of Wealth
Role of Gov’t in Economy
CAPITALISM
SOCIALISM
Who owns means of
production?
private individuals/
businesses
community or state (gov’t)
Idea of Progress
individuals following own
self-interest
Community of producers
cooperate for good of all
Basic Philosophy
Distribution of Wealth
Role of Gov’t in Economy
CAPITALISM
SOCIALISM
Who owns means of
production?
private individuals/
businesses
community or state (gov’t)
Idea of Progress
individuals following own
self-interest
Community of producers
cooperate for good of all
Basic Philosophy
Distribution of Wealth
Role of Gov’t in Economy
Competition shapes the
market & leads to best
product at lowest prices
CAPITALISM
SOCIALISM
Who owns means of
production?
private individuals/
businesses
community or state (gov’t)
Idea of Progress
individuals following own
self-interest
Community of producers
cooperate for good of all
Competition shapes the
market & leads to best
product at lowest prices
Capitalist employers exploit
workers; community/state
should protect them
Basic Philosophy
Distribution of Wealth
Role of Gov’t in Economy
CAPITALISM
SOCIALISM
Who owns means of
production?
private individuals/
businesses
community or state (gov’t)
Idea of Progress
individuals following own
self-interest
Community of producers
cooperate for good of all
Basic Philosophy
Competition shapes the
market & leads to best
product at lowest prices
Capitalist employers exploit
workers; community/state
should protect them
Distribution of Wealth
Rewards go to the most
successful owners of
businesses
Role of Gov’t in Economy
CAPITALISM
SOCIALISM
Who owns means of
production?
private individuals/
businesses
community or state (gov’t)
Idea of Progress
individuals following own
self-interest
Community of producers
cooperate for good of all
Basic Philosophy
Competition shapes the
market & leads to best
product at lowest prices
Capitalist employers exploit
workers; community/state
should protect them
Distribution of Wealth
Rewards go to the most
successful owners of
businesses
Goods are distributed
according to each person’s
need
Role of Gov’t in Economy
Who owns means of
production?
Idea of Progress
CAPITALISM
SOCIALISM
private individuals/
businesses
community or state (gov’t)
individuals following own
self-interest
Community of producers
cooperate for good of all
Basic Philosophy
Competition shapes the
market & leads to best
product at lowest prices
Capitalist employers exploit
workers; community/state
should protect them
Distribution of Wealth
Rewards go to the most
successful owners of
businesses
Goods are distributed
according to each person’s
need
Role of Gov’t in Economy
Should not interfere
(laissez-faire)
CAPITALISM
SOCIALISM
Who owns means of
production?
private individuals/
businesses
community or state (gov’t)
Idea of Progress
individuals following own
self-interest
Community of producers
cooperate for good of all
Basic Philosophy
Competition shapes the
market & leads to best
product at lowest prices
Capitalist employers exploit
workers; community/state
should protect them
Distribution of Wealth
Rewards go to the most
successful owners of
businesses
Goods are distributed
according to each person’s
need
Should not interfere
(laissez-faire)
Redistribute wealth
according to need
Role of Gov’t in Economy