1. The Lowell System was a plan developed in the early 19th century to promote and expand textile manufacturing .
Textile mills relied heavily on a labor force of women and children. It expanded the idea of the factory system. It was all part of the Industrial System.
1. The Waltham-Lowell system pioneered the use of a vertically integrated system . Here there was complete
control over all aspects of production. Spinning, weaving, dying, and cutting were now completed in a single plant.
This large amount of control made it so that no other company could interfere with production .

1. Developed by Samuel Slater
2. Slater drew on his British village experience to create a factory system called the "Rhode Island
System," based on the customary patterns of family life in New England villages.
Children aged 7 to 12 were the first employees of the mill ; Slater personally supervised them closely.

1. In 1794, U.S.-born inventor Eli Whitney (1765-1825) patented the cotton gin, a machine that revolutionized the production of cotton by greatly speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber.
2. By the mid-19th century, cotton had become America’s leading export [Helped promote American slavery] .
Despite its success, the gin made little money for Whitney due to patent-infringement issues.
3. Don’t forget interchangeable parts – broke a part? Don’t need to buy a totally new devices
4. Also played a huge role in the way new guns were made.

• The mechanical reaper was invented by Cyrus McCormick in 1831.
This machine was used by farmers to harvest crops mechanically.
• This new invention allowed wheat to be harvested quicker and with less labor force.

- Birth of Capitalism or Laissez-Faire economic policies

Think in terms of various systems of:
- Canals
- Erie would be the grandest of them all
- Connected upstate NY to rest of America via the
Great Lakes, and from there (Chicago) , take one of the major networks of trains.
- New R.R.

• August 29, 1792 – August 16, 1875) was an
American Congregationalist / Presbyterian minister and leader in the Second Great Awakening in the
United States. He has been called The Father of
Modern Revivalism.
• Together with several other evangelical leaders, his religious views led him to promote social
reforms, such as abolition of slavery and equal education for women and African Americans.

• One of the primary promoters of the Benevolent
Empire
• The Benevolent Empire :
– Religious movement to reduce alcohol and vices
– Encouraged governments to ban carnivals
– Improved society by creating homes for orphans and asylums for those with mental illnesses
– Women played a large role in this movement
– Many laborers resisted this movement, especially laws restricting activities on Sundays

Temperance – Wanted to end this liquid evil/devil

– “Old Immigration ” – Germans and Irish
– Irish Poverty:
• Irish Potato Famine – settled in cities in Northeast,
Catholics, tended to vote Democrat
– Nativism:
• Dislike/distrust of immigrants
– “Old Americans” Xenophobic fears/tendencies.
– Old feared that these people take their jobs and livelihood away.
• Many Protestants feared the power of the Pope

Opened the Door for more Democracy?
The election of 1828 was significant as it heralded a profound change with the election of a man widely viewed as a "champion of the common people." But that year's campaigning was also noteworthy for the intense personal attacks widely employed by the supporters of both
candidates.
The incumbent John Quincy Adams and the challenger
Andrew Jackson , could not have been more different. And perhaps the one thing they had in common was that they both had long careers of public service, one diplomatic and one military.

The election of 1828 was a rematch between the incumbent president, John Quincy Adams, and the runner-up in the 1824 election, Andrew Jackson .
The election of 1828 was important as a turning point in
American politics, with some historians and political scientists arguing that it introduced the prototype for modern American politics and the two-party system that we know today.
The election is also notable for the personal attacks that occurred between the opposing candidates who had a long and controversial political history together dating back to the hotly contested election of 1824.

• From NYC
• Politician/lawyer
• Corrupted
– Helped to perpetuate the political machine

See. P. 316
Dominated the political machine/system:
- Northern landlords
- Slave owners
- Seaport merchants
Over time, “notables” waned with the rise of popular enfranchisement of the masses.

- Son of the 2 nd President, John Adams [a Founding
Father]
- Came from a very affluent/aristocratic family in
Massachusetts.
- From the Northeast, as president, his policies favored those in that part of the country, especially rich merchants/factory owners.
+ Favored Clay’s American System – many protective tariff
- The “last Notable” President .

• Tariff of Abominations (1828):
– Raised tariff rates drastically
– Hated by South
– Favored by manufacturers/merchants in NE

– Parties Take Command:
• Martin Van Buren helped introduce political machines – rewarded supporters with jobs (patronage, spoils system).
• Speaks volumes to rampant corruption.
• Basically this was a system of cronyism or nepotism , getting friends, associates, and family members jobs that they not rightfully qualified for simply because they played a major in getting you into office, position, etc.