Biology 210
Chapter 8: Skeletal Tissues
Supplement 1
By John McGill
Material contributed by
Beth Wyatt &
Jack Bagwell
DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM


AXIAL SKELETON (80
BONES)
 Bones of the Head, Neck,
and Torso
APPENDICULAR
SKELETON (126 BONES)
 Bones of the Upper and
Lower Extremeties
• * Total Number of Major Bones
in the Body = 206
BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON
SKULL
28 Bones
CRANIAL BONES
•8
• Form the
Cranium
• Surrounds the
Brain
FRONTAL-1




Anterior
Forms Anterior Portion of Cranium (Forehead)
& Anterior Cranial Floor
& Forms Roofs of Orbits (Eye Sockets)
PARIETAL - 2


Superior
Forms Superior Portion of Cranium
TEMPORAL - 2



Lateral
Forms Lateral Portion of Cranium
& Cranial Floor
OCCIPITAL - 1



Posterior
Forms Posterior Portion of Cranium
& Cranial Floor
SPHENOID - 1

Central




Forms Central Portion of
Cranial Floor
Shape Resembles Bat
Known as the “Keystone of the
Cranium” B/C the Sphenoid
Bone Anchors All the Other
Cranial Bones
Lateral



Forms Lateral Walls of Cranium
Lies in Front of Temporal Bone
& Lateral Walls of Orbits
ETHMOID - 1
Complex, Irregularly Shaped Bone
 General Location: Between Nasal and
Sphenoid Bones

ETHMOID - continued
ETHMOID - continued

Where the Ethmoid
Bone Can Be Seen in
an Articulated Skull:


Medial Walls of Orbits
Upper Portion of Nasal
Septum Upper "Ledges"
Projecting into the Nasal
Cavities Anterior Cranial
Floor
ETHMOID - continued

Ethmoid sinuses


associated with
ethmoid bone
hollow spaces inside
ethmoid bone
BONES OF THE AXIAL
SKELETON

SKULL

FACIAL BONES
• Primarily Form the Face
NASAL - 2

Form Bridge of Nose
MAXILLARY (MAXILLA) - 2



Upper Jawbones
Form the central portion
of the face
"Keystone of the Face“


Anchors All Other Facial
Bones Except Mandible
Also Forms: Floor of
Orbits & Anterior Portion
(Most) of Hard Palate
BONES OF THE AXIAL SKELETON

SKULL

FACIAL BONES
ZYGOMATIC - 2


Cheekbones
Also Form
Lateral Walls of
Orbits
MANDIBLE - 1


Lower Jawbone
Largest, Strongest
Bone of the Face
LACRIMAL - 2

Forms Medial Walls
of Orbits


B/T the Maxillary and
Ethmoid Bones
Paper Thin Bones

Usually Broken in
Real Bone Skulls
PALATINE - 2

Shaped like 2 L's
facing one
another


Horizontal Portion
of L's Forms
Posterior Portion
of Hard Palate
Vertical Portion of
L's Forms Lateral,
Posterior Walls of
Nasal Cavities
Palatine Bones
Turbinates

INFERIOR
TURBINATES
(CONCHAE) - 2


Form Lower "Ledges"
That Project into
Nasal Cavities
Scroll-Shaped


Inferior turbinate (IT)
Middle turbinate (MT)


Increase the surface area of
the lining of the nose
Warms, humidifies, & cleans
air
•
•
•
•
U=uvula
T=anterior tongue
BoT=base of tongue
See next slide too
VOMER - 1

Forms Lower
Portion of Nasal
Septum
VOMER - 1
BONES OF THE EAR (6)



Tiny Bones Located
Within Temporal Bones
In Middle Ear
3/Ear



MALLEUS (2)
INCUS (2)
STAPES (2)
HYOID BONE (1)




U Shaped Bone That
Lies in the Neck B/T
Mandible and Larynx
The Only Bone in the
Body That Doesn’t
Form a Joint With
Another Bone
Held in Place By
Ligaments and Muscles
Supports and Provides
Muscle Attachment For
Muscles That Form
Floor of Mouth and
Tongue
HYOID BONE (1)
BONES OF THE AXIAL
SKELETON

SPINAL (VERTEBRAL) COLUMN (26)
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE – 7
ATLAS


1st Cervical Vertebra
Named For Atlas in
Greek Mythology
AXIS


2nd Cervical
Vertebra
Named B/C Atlas
Pivots Around Axis
THORACIC VERTEBRAE – 12
LUMBAR VERTEBRAE – 5
SACRUM – 5 FUSED INTO 1



Wedge-Shaped Bone
Consists of 5
Separate Vertebrae
(Childhood)
That Fuse Into 1 After
Bones Mature
COCCYX – 4 OR 5 FUSED INTO 1



Tailbone
Consists of Separate
Vetebrae
That Fuse (Like
Sacrum)
BONES OF THE AXIAL
SKELETON

STERNUM AND RIBS (25)
STERNUM – 1

Breastbone

Dagger-Shaped
Flat Bone

RIBS – 12 PAIR

TRUE RIBS – 7 PAIR


Called True Ribs B/C They Attach
Directly to the Sternum By Costal
Cartilage
FALSE RIBS – 5 PAIR

Called False Ribs B/C:
• 3 PAIR
•
•
Attach Indirectly to the
Sternum By the Costal
Cartilage of Rib 7 (1st 3 Pair
of False Ribs
#’s 8,9,10 Counting From the
1st True Rib)
• 2 PAIR
•
•
Don’t Attach to the Sternum
At All (Last 2 Pair Of False
Ribs, #’s 11,12 Counting
From the 1st True Rib)
These Are Also Known as
Floating Ribs
STERNUM AND RIBS (25)
continued…


Note: Posteriorly, ALL
Ribs Are Attached to the
Thoracic Vertebrae
Note: Thorax (Thoracic
Cage) = Sternum + Ribs
+ Vertebral Column,
(Creates a Complete
Boney Cage)
BONES OF THE APPENDICULAR
SKELETON

UPPER EXTREMITIES (64)
CLAVICLE – 2

Collarbone
SCAPULA – 2

Shoulder Blade
Shoulder Girdle

Shoulder Girdle =
Clavicle + Scapula
HUMERUS – 2

Long Bone of the
Upper Arm
RADIUS – 2


Radius and Ulna Are
Bones of the Forearm
Radius: Thumb Side,
Ulna: Little Finger
Side
ULNA – 2


Radius and Ulna Are
Bones of the Forearm
Radius: Thumb Side,
Ulna: Little Finger
Side
CARPALS – 16


Bones of the Anatomical Wrist
Proximal End of Hand
METACARPALS – 10


Bones That Form the Palm of the Hand
Knuckles = Heads of Metacarpals
PHALANGES – 28


Bones of the Fingers
3 in Each Finger, 2 in Each Thumb
BONES OF THE APPENDICULAR
SKELETON

LOWER EXTREMITIES (62)
OS COXAE (COXAL/INNOMINATE) – 2
(PELVIC GIRDLE)
Pelvic/Hip Bones
 Broadest Bone in
the Body
 Os Coxae (2) +
Sacrum + Coccyx,
Forms Complete
Boney Ring

FEMUR – 2
Thigh Bone
 Longest, Largest,
Strongest Bone

PATELLA – 2

Kneecap
TIBIA – 2



Tibia and Fibula Are
Bones of the Lower
Leg
Tibia: Shin Bone
Larger, More Medial
and More Superficial
Compared to Fibula
FIBULA – 2
TARSALS – 14

Bones That Form the Heel and the Posterior
Portion of the Foot
METATARSALS – 10

Bones That Form the Long Portion of the Foot
PHALANGES – 28

Bones of the Toes; 3 in Each Toe Except Big
Toes, 2 in Each Big Toe
BIO 210 Chapter 8
Supplements 2 & 3
TERMS USED TO
DESCRIBE BONE MARKINGS
Developed by:
Mr. McGill
Mrs. Wyatt
Define Bone Markings


Identifying Features
on Bones
“Marks” Each Bone as
Unique
DEPRESSIONS AND OPENINGS
FORAMEN
Round Hole in
Bone for Blood
Vessels and
Nerves
 Example:
Supraorbital
Foramen

FOSSA
Depression in
Bone into Which
Another Bone
Fits (Forms
Joint)
 Example:
Mandibular
Fossa
 Which #?
 10

MEATUS
Tubelike Canal in
Bone
 Example: External
Auditory Meatus
 Which #?
 11

11
NOTCH
V-like Depression
in Bone
 Example:
Supraorbital Notch
 Allows passage of
supraorbital
vessels & nerves.

PROCESSES


Extensions of Bone
2 Groups: THOSE
THAT FIT INTO JOINTS
& THOSE TO WHICH
MUSCLES ATTACH.

THOSE THAT FIT INTO
JOINTS-2 TYPES
• HEAD &
• CONDYLE
• Rounded Bump That
Usually Fits into a Fossa
on Another Bone Forming
a Joint
• Example: Mandibular
Condyle
• C or E
• C, what is E?
HEAD
Large, Rounded
Distinct End of a Long
Bone
 Fits into a Depression
on Another Bone
Forming A Joint
 Example: Head of
Femur


Fits into acetabulum of
os coxae (pelvis)
THOSE TO WHICH MUSCLES
ATTACH
EPICONDYLE
 SPINE (SPINOUS PROCESS)
 TROCHANTER
 TUBEROSITY

EPICONDYLE

Bump Above a
Condyle for Muscle
Attachment


CONDYLE-Rounded
Bump That Usually Fits
into a Fossa on Another
Bone Forming a Joint
(Example: Mandibular
Condyle)
Example: Epicondyles
of Femur
SPINE (SPINOUS PROCESS)



Sharp, Pointed Process
for Muscle Attachment
Example: Spine of Vertebra
TROCHANTER
Large Bump
for Muscle
Attachment
 Example:


Trochanters
of Femur
TUBEROSITY
Small Bump for
Muscle
Attachment
 Example:


Tibial Tuberosity
Processes-OTHERS

BODY


Main Portion of a
Bone
Example:
• Body of Vertebra
Processes-OTHERS

SINUS


Cavity Within Bone
Example:
• Frontal Sinuses
BONE MARKINGS OF
INDIVIDUAL BONES: THE SKULL
FRONTAL BONE

SUPRAORBITAL FORAMEN



"Hole/Notch Above Orbit“
2
May Be a Foramen/May Be a Notch (Varies)
FRONTAL BONE

FRONTAL SINUSES


Cavities Within
Frontal Bone
(Above Orbits)
Usually 2 (One
Above Each Orbit)
But Varies
TEMPORAL BONE

Note: 2 Temporal Bones Means 2 Each of
These Bone Markings
TEMPORAL BONE

MASTOID PROCESS


Projection of Bone
Just Behind Ear
Contains Mastoid Air
Cells (Small Sinuses
That Communicate
With Middle Ear
Rather Than Nose)
TEMPORAL BONE

EXTERNAL
AUDITORY
MEATUS


"External Ear
Canal“
Tube That Extends
into the Temporal
Bone From the
External to Middle
Ear
TEMPORAL BONE

STYLOID PROCESS

Slender Spike of Bone That Extends Downward From
the Temporal Bone
TEMPORAL BONE

MANDIBULAR
FOSSA

Depressed Area in
the Temporal
Bone into Which
the Mandible Fits
TEMPORAL BONE

1.
2.
3.
4.
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
Greater wing of sphenoid
ZYGOMATIC
PROCESS
The Portion of the
Temporal Bone That
Joins the Zygomatic
Bone
 Zygomatic Arch =
Zygomatic Process
(Temporal Bone) +
Zygomatic Bone

OCCIPITAL BONE

FORAMEN MAGNUM



"Large Hole“
The Hole Through Which the Spinal Cord Enters the
Cranial Cavity
OCCIPITAL CONDYLES

2 Oval Shaped Bumps on Either Side of the Foramen
Magnum (Where Skull Joins Vertebral Column)
SPHENOID BONE

OPTIC FORAMEN



"Hole in Eye"
2
Transmits the Optic Nerve (Vision) From Eye to Brain
SPHENOID
SPHENOID
BONE
SPHENOID BONE

SELLA TURCICA

Depression in the Center of the Sphenoid
Bone (Houses the Pituitary Gland)
SPHENOID BONE

SPHENOID SINUSES


Cavities Within the Sphenoid Bone
Number Varies
ETHMOID BONE

CRISTA GALLI



Upward Projection of Ethmoid Bone
Lies in Anterior Cranial Floor
Point of Attachment for the Meninges
• Protective
Coverings for Brain and Spinal Cord
ETHMOID BONE

CRIBIFORM PLATE



Thin Plate (Anterior
Cranial Floor) That
Crista Galli Sets On
Separates the Cranial
and Nasal Cavities
Contains Numerous
Holes for Branches of
the Olfactory Nerve
(Smell) (Branches of
This Nerve Pass From
Nose to Brain Through
These Holes)
ETHMOID BONE

PERPENDICULAR PLATE

Upper Portion of Nasal Septum (Nasal Septum
is the Midline Wall in Internal Nose)
PERPENDICULAR PLATE
ETHMOID
BONE

SUPERIOR AND
MIDDLE
CHONCHAE
(TURBINATES)


Upper and Middle
"Ledges" in Nasal
Cavities
Superior and 2
Middle Conchae
ETHMOID BONE

ETHMOID
SINUSES

Small,
Spongy
Cavities That
Lie Within
the Lateral
Portions of
the Ethmoid
Bone
MAXILLARY BONE

Infraorbital
Foramen
Alveolar
Process
ALVEOLAR
PROCESS


Arch That
Contains the
Teeth
INFRAORBITAL
FORAMEN
"Hole Below
Orbit“
 2

MAXILLARY BONE

PALATINE
PROCESS
The Portion of the
Maxillary Bones
That Forms the
Anterior
 and Most of Hard
Palate

• Hard Palate is the
Hard Portion of
the Roof of the
Mouth
MAXILLARY BONE

MAXILLARY SINUSES



Cavities Within the Maxillary Bones
Below Orbits
Usually 2
• One Below Each Orbit
• Varies

The Largest of the Sinuses
MANDIBLE BONE

MANDIBULAR
CONDYLE (c)

Rounded Portion
of Mandible That
Fits Into
Mandibular Fossa
of Temporal Bone
to Form the Jaw
Joint (2)
MANDIBLE BONE

ALVEOLAR PROCESS

Arch That Contains the Teeth
MANDIBLE BONE

MENTAL FORAMEN


"Hole in Chin" (Outer Surface of Mandible)
2
MANDIBLE BONE

MENTAL FORAMEN
MANDIBLE BONE

MANDIBULAR
FORAMEN
"Hole in Mandible"
(Inner Surface of
Mandible)
 2

Mandibular
foramen

Palatine
Bone
PALATINE BONE
(HORIZONTAL
PLATE)

Posterior portion
of the hard palate
SUTURES


Immovable
Joints Between
Skull Bones
SQUAMOUS

Lies Along the
Top Curved
Edge of the
Temporal Bone
• Joint Between
Temporal,
Parietal, and
Part of the
Sphenoid
Bones
SUTURES

CORONAL
(FRONTAL)(1)


LAMBDOIDAL (8)


The Joint Between
Parietal and Frontal
Bones
The Joint Between
Parietal and
Occipital Bones
SAGITTAL

The Joint Between
the 2 Parietal Bones
FONTANELS

DEFINITION

"Soft Spots" in an
Infant's Skull
• Areas Where
Ossification is
Incomplete at
Birth

PURPOSE
• Allows
Compression of
the Skull During
Childbirth
SINUSES

PARANASAL SINUSES
(PREVIOUSLY LISTED WITH
SKULL BONES)
 "Sinuses Around Nose"
(Communicate Directly
(Open Into) Internal
Nose)
•
•
•
•
FRONTAL
SPHENOID
ETHMOID
MAXILLARY
SINUSES
MASTOID SINUSES (AIR
CELLS)


1 Mastoid sinuses
2 Mastoid process
Located in the Mastoid
Processes of the Temporal
Bones
Small Sinuses That
Communicate With the
Middle Ear Rather Than the
Nose
ORBITS & NASAL SEPTUM


ORBITS
 Eye Sockets
 Formed By Many Cranial and
Facial Bones: Frontal, Sphenoid,
Zygomatic, Ethmoid, Lacrimal,
Maxillary (See Previous Info)
NASAL SEPTUM
 Midline Wall in the Internal Nose
(Divides the Internal Nose Into 2
Cavities)
 Formed By:
• Bone:
• Perpendicular Plate of
Ethmoid Bone: Forms
Upper Portion
• Vomer: Forms Lower
Portion
• Cartilage (Hyaline): Forms
Anterior Portion
BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES:
THE SKULL

WORMIAN BONES


Small Islands of Bone Located Within Sutures
Highly Individual So the Number Varies
VERTEBRAE



BODY
 Flat, rounded portion
 Anterior and medial
SPINOUS PROCESS
 Sharp, pointed, posterior,
and medial projection
 Can be felt through the skin
of the back
TRANSVERSE PROCESSES
 Sharp, pointed, and lateral
projections
 2 (left and right)
• Note: These are markings
that are common to most
vertebrae
VERTEBRAE


SUPERIOR ARTICULAR PROCESSES
INFERIOR ARTICULAR PROCESSES





"Joining Processes"; One Way That
the Vertebrae Join Together (They
Also Join By Their Bodies)
Superior Articular (Articulating)
Processes: 2; Uppermost (Project
Up)
Inferior Articular (Articulating)
Processes: 2; Lowermost (Project
Down)
The Superior Articular Processes of
One Vertebra Join to the Inferior
Articular Processes of the Above
Vertebra
SPINAL (VERTEBRAL) FORAMEN


Hole in the Center of Each Vertebra
When All the Vertebrae are Joined,
These Holes Create the Spinal
Cavity (Houses the Spinal Cord)
STERNUM




MANUBRIUM
 Upper Portion of the Sternum
BODY
 Middle (Main) Portion of the
Sternum
XIPHOID PROCESS:
 Blunt, Lower Tip of Sternum
 Composed of Cartilage That
Ossifies As One Ages
RIBS: COSTAL CARTILAGES
 Cartilage (Hyaline) That Joins
Ribs to Sternum
BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES:
SCAPULA
 SPINE
Sharp Ridge on
the Posterior
Surface of the
Scapula
GLENOID CAVITY
 Arm Socket: A
Shallow
Depression That
Holds the Head
of the Humerus
to Form the
Shoulder Joint


Spine
BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES:
HUMERUS


HEAD
 Large, Rounded, Proximal
Epiphysis
 Medial (Fits Into Glenoid
Cavity)
The following are distal:




MEDIAL EPICONDYLE
LATERAL EPICONDYLE
CAPITULUM-Rounded, Lateral Knob
TROCHLEA
• Rounded, Medial Knob That
Contains a Depression in the
Center
BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES:


RADIUS
 HEAD: Proximal; Disk-Shaped
 STYLOID PROCESS: Distal,
Pointed Projection (Lateral in
Anatomical Position)
ULNA
 OLECRANON PROCESS: Proximal,
Upward Projection of the Ulna
(Elbow)
 SEMILUNAR NOTCH
• Curved Depression
• Proximal
 STYLOID PROCESS
• Distal, Pointed Projection
(Medial in Anatomical Position)
• Can Be Felt Through the Skin
in the Wrist Area
BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES:
OS COXAE (COXAL/INNOMINATE)
Each Os Coxa Bone is
Composed of 3 Separate Bones
That Fuse




ILIUM: Uppermost, Flaring
Portion (Largest)
ISCHIUM: Lowermost Portion
(Strongest)
PUBIS: Anterior, Medial Portion
Markings:
 ACETABULUM
• Hip Socket: A Deep
Depression that Holds the
Head of the Femur to Form
the Hip Joint
 SYMPHYSIS PUBIS
• Joint Between the Pelvic
Bones (Pubis Portion)
• Anterior and Medial
• Composed of Cartilage
(Fibrocartilage)
BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL BONES:
OS COXAE (COXAL/INNOMINATE)




True Pelvis
False Pelvis
TRUE PELVIS
 Space Between Pelvic Inlet
and Pelvic Outlet
 "Basin" Portion of Pelvis
(Houses Pelvic Organs)
PELVIC INLET
 Boundary That Leads Into
True Pelvis
PELVIC OUTLET
 Boundary That Leads Out of
True Pelvis
FALSE PELVIS
 Broad, Shallow Space
Above Pelvic Inlet
 Called False Pelvis Because
It's Actually Located in the
Abdominal Cavity Rather
Than the Pelvic Cavity
BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL
BONES: FEMUR


Proximal
 HEAD
• Large, Rounded, Proximal
Epiphysis
• Medial (Fits Into
Acetabulum)
 NECK: Narrow Portion Just
Below the Head
 GREATER TROCHANTER:
Lateral
 LESSER TROCHANTER: Medial
Distal
 MEDIAL EPICONDYLE
 LATERAL EPICONDYLE
 MEDIAL CONDYLE
 LATERAL CONDYLE
BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL
BONES: TIBIA

Proximal
• MEDIAL CONDYLE
• LATERAL CONDYLE
• TIBIAL TUBEROSITY:
Anterior, Medial, Rounded
Bump

Distal
• MEDIAL MALLEOLUS
• Distal, Medial Process
• Can be Felt on the Inner
Surface of the Ankle
BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL
BONES: FIBULA
HEAD: Proximal
and Rounded
 LATERAL
MALLEOLUS

Distal, Lateral
Process
 Can be Felt on
the Outer
Surface of the
Ankle

BONE MARKINGS OF INDIVIDUAL
BONES: TARSALS


CALCANEUS:
 Heel Bone
 Which #
 1
TALUS:
 Uppermost Tarsal
CURVES OF THE SPINAL COLUMN




The Spinal Column is Curved (Not
Straight)
Importance:
 Strength
 Balance
 Protection from Fracture
PRIMARY CURVES: Present from Birth,
Convex
 THORACIC
 SACRAL (PELVIC)
SECONDARY CURVES: Develop after Birth,
Concave


CERVICAL: Develops As Infant Learns to
Hold Head Erect
LUMBAR: Develops As Child Learns to Walk
COMPARISON OF THE STRUCTURE
AND FUNCTION OF THE HANDS AND
FEET

STRUCTURE OF THE HANDS/FEET




Similar
Hands: Carpals, Metacarpals,
Phalanges
Feet: Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges
FUNCTION OF THE HANDS/FEET



Different!
Hands: Major Function - Manipulation
of Objects (Grasping and Holding); Due
to Opposing Thumb
Feet: Major Function - Strong Support
for Body's Weight; Due to Big Toe and
Arches
ARCHES OF THE FOOT




Strong Tendons and
Ligaments Hold Bones
of the Foot in an
Arched Position
Arches Provide
Support
LONGITUDINAL:
Lengthwise Arches
• MEDIAL
• LATERAL
TRANSVERSE:
Crosswise Arch
SKELETAL DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN


GENERAL DIFFERENCES: Male
Skeleton Larger and Heavier
SPECIFIC (PELVIC)
DIFFERENCES
 SHAPE OF PELVIS
• Male Pelvis: Narrow and
Deep (Funnel-Shaped)


SIZE OF PUBIC ARCH
• Angle Between Pelvic
Bones (Anterior and
Medial)
• Male Pelvis: Pubic Arch <
90 Degrees
All Pelvic Differences Relate
to Childbearing
SKELETAL DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN


GENERAL DIFFERENCES: Male
Skeleton Larger and Heavier
SPECIFIC (PELVIC) DIFFERENCES
 SHAPE OF PELVIS
• Female Pelvis: Broad and
Shallow (Basin-Shaped)
 SIZE OF PUBIC ARCH
• Angle Between Pelvic Bones
(Anterior and Medial)
• Female Pelvis: Pubic Arch >
90 Degrees
 All Pelvic Differences Relate to
Childbearing
SKELETAL DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN
http://medlib.med.utah.edu/kw/osteo/forensics/sex/bonepelvsex.ht
ml
Male
Female
Male
Male
Female
Female