Entry Task- Block #1 Nov. 6th-7th QUESTION: What holds atoms together AND what subatomic particle is involved? You have 5 minutes! AGENDA: Ionic vs. Covalent Substance Demo Go over Ch. 8 section 1-2 notes HW: Ch. 8 sec 1-2 ws IONIC AND COVALENT SUBSTANCESDEMO Conduction Melting point 800°C HIGH # Name Formula Phase Dissolves in water 1 Sodium chloride NaCl SOLID YES YES 2 Copper II sulfate CuSO4 SOLID YES YES 600°C HIGH 3 Isopropyl alcohol (CH3)2COH Liquid YES NO -88.0°C LOW 4 Camphor C10H16O SOLID NO NO 177 °C LOW 5 Potassium nitrate KNO3 SOLID YES YES 306°C HIGH 6 Naphthalene NO NO 80.5 °C LOW 7 Iodine I2 SOLID NO NO 113-114 °C LOW 8 Potassium Iodide KI SOLID YES YES 681°C HIGH C10H8 SOLID THINK- TO YOURSELF Write your answer on the answer sheet QUESTION #1 What is the correlation- connection- between conduction and melting point? Sort the chemicals to make it easier. Substance Conduction Melting point PAIR- WITH ELBOW PARTNER QUESTION #1 What is the correlation- connection- between conduction and melting point? Tweak or add to your answer- discuss the best answer. Substance Conduction Melting point THINK- TO YOURSELF Write your answer on answer sheet QUESTION #2 What is the correlation between dissolving in water and conduction? Sort the chemicals to make it easier Substance Dissolves in water Conduction PAIR- WITH ELBOW PARTNER QUESTION #2 What is the correlation between dissolving in water and conduction? Sort the chemicals to make it easier Tweak or add to your answer- discuss the best answer. Substance Dissolves in water Conduction THINK- TO YOURSELF Write your answer on answer sheet QUESTION #3 Look at the formulas- look up (on periodic table) what kind of elements (metal/metalloid/nonmetal) makes up the substance. What is the correlation between substances with metal elements and melting point of the substance? Sort the chemicals to make it easier. Substance Have metals Melting point PAIR- WITH ELBOW PARTNER QUESTION #3 Look at the formulas- look up (on periodic table) what kind of elements (metal/metalloid/nonmetal) makes up the substance. What is the correlation between substances with metal elements and melting point of the substance? Sort the chemicals to make it easier. Tweak or add to your answer- discuss the best answer. Substance Have metals Melting point THINK- TO YOURSELF Write your answer on answer sheet QUESTION #4 Pulling it ALL together. What did you discover? What are the relationships that connect? PAIR- WITH ELBOW PARTNER QUESTION #4 Pulling it ALL together. What did you discover? What are the relationships that connect? Tweak or add to your answer- discuss the best answer. FLIP PAPERS OVER IONIC AND COVALENT SUBSTANCES Substances -Made of elements Metals/metalloids/nonmetal -Chemically bonded Ionic versus covalent Affect the substances properties IF THE SUBSTANCE Contain Metals!!! Ionic Bonds (Tight bonds) IONIC SUBSTANCES IONIC SUBSTANCES Solids at room temperature Properties Hard and brittle Dissolves in water High melting points Conductive after dissolving in water IF THE SUBSTANCE Contain Nonmetals only!!! Covalent Bonds (Lose bonds) COVALENT SUBSTANCES COVALENT SUBSTANCES Liquid/gas at room temperature Properties Does not dissolve in water Low melting points Not conductive FLIP PAPERS OVER TO THE FRONT Dissolves Conducts Melting point in water Ionic or Covalent # Name Formula 1 Sodium chloride NaCl SOLID YES YES CuSO4 SOLID YES YES 600°C HIGH Ionic Liquid YES NO -88.0°C LOW Covalent SOLID NO NO 177 °C LOW Covalent SOLID YES YES 306°C HIGH Ionic NO NO 80.5 °C LOW 2 Copper II sulfate 3 Isopropyl (CH3)2COH alcohol 4 Camphor 5 Potassium KNO 3 nitrate 6 Naphthalene 7 Iodine 8 Potassium Iodide C10H16O C10H8 Phase SOLID I2 SOLID NO NO KI SOLID YES YES 800°C HIGH 113-114 °C LOW 681°C HIGH Ionic Covalent Covalent Ionic I CAN…. Define a chemical bond. Describe the formation of positive and negative ions Create and name binary ionic compounds. 8.1 FORMING CHEMICAL BONDS DESCRIBE a chemical bond. The force that holds two atoms together. Chemical bonds may form by the attraction between the positive nucleus and negative electrons or the attraction between a positive ion and negative ion. 8.1 FORMING CHEMICAL BONDS Provide the electron dot structures for groups 1A-8A. lithium beryllium boron carbon Li Be B C nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon N O F Ne 8.1 FORMING CHEMICAL BONDS RECALL from Ch. 6, what is ionization energy? Ionization energy is how easily an atom loses electrons. 8.1 FORMING CHEMICAL BONDS What is electron affinity? How much attraction an atom has for electrons 8.1 FORMING CHEMICAL BONDS State the octet rule? When atoms have 8 electrons in its valence orbit it’s chemically stable- like the noble gases 8.1 FORMING CHEMICAL BONDS How are positive ions formed? What are they called? When atoms loses electrons they form positive ions called cations. Metals are cations 8.1 FORMING CHEMICAL BONDS What 1+ are the charges on group 1A?_______ What are the charges on group 2A________ 2+ What are the charges on group 3A?_______ 3+ Predicting Ionic Charges Group 1: Lose 1 electron to form 1+ ions H+ Li+ Na+ K+ Predicting Ionic Charges B3+ Al3+ Ga3+ Group 13: Loses 3 electrons to form 3+ ions Predicting Ionic Charges Depends! If it’s a metal it will lose 4 electrons = +4 Group 14: Lose 4 electrons or gain 4 electrons? 8.1 FORMING CHEMICAL BONDS What are pseudo-noble gas configurations? YOU NEED TO READ!! When the inner groups 4-6 lose electrons to fill their s, p, d orbitals by “stealing” from the higher s group. This forms a “fake (pseudo) noble gas configuration. 8.1 FORMING CHEMICAL BONDS How are negative ions formed? What are they called? When atoms gain electrons they form negative ions called anions. Nonmetals are anions 8.1 FORMING CHEMICAL BONDS What 3are the charges on group 5A?_______ What are the charges on group 6A________ 2 What are the charges on group 7A?_______ 1- Predicting Ionic Charges F1- Fluoride Cl1- Chloride Br1- Bromide I1- Iodide Group 17: Gains 1 electron to form 1- ions Predicting Ionic Charges Group 18: Stable Noble gases do not form ions! Predicting Ionic Charges Groups 3 - 12: Many transition elements have more than one possible oxidation state. Iron(II) = Fe2+ Iron(III) = Fe3+ Predicting Ionic Charges Groups 3 - 12: Some transition elements have only one possible oxidation state. Zinc = Zn2+ Silver = Ag+ 8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC BONDS Formation of an Ionic BondREAD THIS PART!! DESCRIBE an ionic bond When atoms transfer electrons creating a positivenegative ion, the electrostatic forces that hold these opposing particles together is called ionic bonding Transfer electrons +/Metal-nonmetal Compound 8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC BONDS What are ionic compounds? Compounds that contain ionic bonds are called ionic compounds Transfer electrons +/Metal-nonmetal Compound 8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC BONDS What are binary ionic compounds? Compounds that contain 2 different elements EXAMPLES: NaCl MgF2 Al2O3 8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC BONDS Properties of Ionic Compounds What are ionic crystals? When ionic compounds are packed in a repeated pattern of +/- they create an ionic crystal 8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC BONDS Properties of Ionic Compounds What are crystal lattices? Crystal lattices are three-dimensional geometric arrangement of particles. Each positive ion is surround by a negative ion 8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC BONDS What specific properties do ionic crystals have? They have high melting and boiling points. The color is related to their structure. Brittle solids Dissolves in water Conductive (when dissolved in water) Electrolytes 8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC BONDS What causes these particular properties? The bonded atoms have a strong attraction to each other (+/-). 8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC BONDS What creates an electrolyte? When ionic compounds dissolve in water the ions are free from each other and conduct a current. 8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC BONDS Energy and the ionic bond What is an endothermic reaction? Exothermic? When energy is absorbed during a chemical reaction, the reaction is endothermic. When energy is released during a chemical reaction, the reaction is exothermic. 8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC BONDS Energy and the ionic bond The creation of an ionic bond is which type of energy reaction? Exothermic. 8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC BONDS Energy and the ionic bond What is lattice energy? What is the strength determined by? Lattice energy is the energy required to separate ions from each other in an ionic compound. The strength is determined by hold of each ion has to each other. The MORE negative the lattice energy the stronger the attraction 8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC BONDS Energy and the ionic bond How does the size of the ions affect lattice energy? The smaller the ion the MORE negative value for lattice energy (stronger the attraction). This is because the valence electrons are closer to the nucleus. 8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC BONDS Energy and the ionic bond How does the charge affect lattice energy? Large positives (+3) and large negatives (-3) the more negative the lattice energy (stronger the attractions). Mg2+ and O2- = MgO has 4 times the lattice energy than Na1+ and F1- = NaF 8.3 NAME AND FORMULAS FOR IONIC COMPOUNDS Define formula unit Since ionic compounds exist as a crystal lattice, we call the simplest form of the lattice as the formula unit. NaCl exist as NaClNaClNaCl ClNaClNaClNa NaClNaClNaCl ClNaClNaClNa Formula unit NaClNaClNaCl 8.3 NAME AND FORMULAS FOR IONIC COMPOUNDS Define monatomic ion Monatomic ion is one-atom ion like Mg2+ or Br1-. MONATOMIC IONS TO BINARY COMPOUNDS One –atom ion (Monatomic ions) Fluorine atom gains 1 electrons + Fluorine ion (F-1) Lithium atom loses 1 electron + Lithium ion (Li+1) Binary compounds Form when 2 monatomic ion bond to make a formula unit. Oxidation numbers (charges) have to cancel out 8.3 NAME AND FORMULAS FOR IONIC COMPOUNDS Define polyatomic ion Polyatomic ions are made of bonded atoms (covalently bonded) that carries a charge. EXAMPLE- phosphate ion PO43- 8.3 NAME AND FORMULAS FOR IONIC COMPOUNDS Define oxyanion Oxyanion are polyatomic ions that contain a nonmetal (covalently) bonded to an oxygen. EXAMPLE- phosphate ion PO43- HOMEWORK: CH. 8 SEC. 1-2 WS