Entry Task- Block #1 Nov. 6th-7th
 QUESTION:
 What
holds atoms together AND
what subatomic particle is
involved?
 You
have 5 minutes!
AGENDA:
 Ionic
vs. Covalent Substance Demo
 Go over Ch. 8 section 1-2 notes
 HW: Ch. 8 sec 1-2 ws
IONIC AND COVALENT
SUBSTANCESDEMO
Conduction
Melting
point
800°C
HIGH
#
Name
Formula
Phase
Dissolves in
water
1
Sodium
chloride
NaCl
SOLID
YES
YES
2
Copper II
sulfate
CuSO4
SOLID
YES
YES
600°C
HIGH
3
Isopropyl
alcohol
(CH3)2COH
Liquid
YES
NO
-88.0°C
LOW
4
Camphor
C10H16O
SOLID
NO
NO
177 °C
LOW
5
Potassium
nitrate
KNO3
SOLID
YES
YES
306°C
HIGH
6
Naphthalene
NO
NO
80.5 °C
LOW
7
Iodine
I2
SOLID
NO
NO
113-114 °C
LOW
8
Potassium
Iodide
KI
SOLID
YES
YES
681°C
HIGH
C10H8
SOLID
THINK- TO YOURSELF
Write your answer on the answer sheet QUESTION #1
 What is the correlation- connection- between
conduction and melting point? Sort the chemicals to
make it easier.

Substance
Conduction
Melting point
PAIR- WITH ELBOW PARTNER
QUESTION #1
 What is the correlation- connection- between
conduction and melting point?
 Tweak or add to your answer- discuss the best
answer.

Substance
Conduction
Melting point
THINK- TO YOURSELF
Write your answer on answer sheet
 QUESTION #2
 What is the correlation between dissolving in water
and conduction? Sort the chemicals to make it easier

Substance
Dissolves in water
Conduction
PAIR- WITH ELBOW PARTNER
QUESTION #2
 What is the correlation between dissolving in water
and conduction? Sort the chemicals to make it easier
 Tweak or add to your answer- discuss the best
answer.

Substance
Dissolves in water
Conduction
THINK- TO YOURSELF
Write your answer on answer sheet
 QUESTION #3
 Look at the formulas- look up (on periodic table) what
kind of elements (metal/metalloid/nonmetal) makes up
the substance. What is the correlation between
substances with metal elements and melting point of
the substance? Sort the chemicals to make it easier.

Substance
Have metals
Melting point
PAIR- WITH ELBOW PARTNER
QUESTION #3
 Look at the formulas- look up (on periodic table) what
kind of elements (metal/metalloid/nonmetal) makes up
the substance. What is the correlation between
substances with metal elements and melting point of the
substance? Sort the chemicals to make it easier.
 Tweak or add to your answer- discuss the best answer.

Substance
Have metals
Melting point
THINK- TO YOURSELF
Write your answer on answer sheet
 QUESTION #4
 Pulling it ALL together. What did you discover? What
are the relationships that connect?

PAIR- WITH ELBOW PARTNER
QUESTION #4
 Pulling it ALL together. What did you discover? What
are the relationships that connect?
 Tweak or add to your answer- discuss the best answer.

FLIP PAPERS
OVER
IONIC AND COVALENT SUBSTANCES
Substances
-Made of elements
Metals/metalloids/nonmetal
-Chemically bonded
Ionic versus covalent
Affect the substances properties
IF THE SUBSTANCE
Contain Metals!!!
Ionic
Bonds
(Tight bonds)
IONIC SUBSTANCES
IONIC SUBSTANCES
Solids at room temperature
Properties
Hard and brittle
Dissolves in water
High melting points
Conductive after dissolving
in water
IF THE SUBSTANCE
Contain Nonmetals only!!!
Covalent
Bonds
(Lose bonds)
COVALENT SUBSTANCES
COVALENT
SUBSTANCES
Liquid/gas at room temperature
Properties
Does not dissolve in water
Low melting points
Not conductive
FLIP PAPERS
OVER TO THE
FRONT
Dissolves Conducts Melting point
in water
Ionic or
Covalent
#
Name
Formula
1
Sodium
chloride
NaCl
SOLID
YES
YES
CuSO4
SOLID
YES
YES
600°C
HIGH
Ionic
Liquid
YES
NO
-88.0°C
LOW
Covalent
SOLID
NO
NO
177 °C
LOW
Covalent
SOLID
YES
YES
306°C
HIGH
Ionic
NO
NO
80.5 °C
LOW
2 Copper II
sulfate
3 Isopropyl (CH3)2COH
alcohol
4
Camphor
5
Potassium KNO
3
nitrate
6 Naphthalene
7
Iodine
8 Potassium
Iodide
C10H16O
C10H8
Phase
SOLID
I2
SOLID
NO
NO
KI
SOLID
YES
YES
800°C
HIGH
113-114 °C
LOW
681°C
HIGH
Ionic
Covalent
Covalent
Ionic
I CAN….
Define a chemical bond.
 Describe the formation of positive and negative
ions
 Create and name binary ionic compounds.

8.1 FORMING CHEMICAL BONDS
 DESCRIBE
a chemical bond.
The force that holds two atoms together.
Chemical bonds may form by the attraction
between the positive nucleus and negative
electrons or the attraction between a positive ion
and negative ion.
8.1 FORMING CHEMICAL BONDS
 Provide
the electron dot structures for
groups 1A-8A.
lithium
beryllium
boron
carbon
Li
Be
B
C
nitrogen
oxygen
fluorine
neon
N
O
F
Ne
8.1 FORMING CHEMICAL BONDS
 RECALL
from Ch. 6, what is ionization
energy?
Ionization energy is how easily an atom loses
electrons.
8.1 FORMING CHEMICAL BONDS
 What
is electron affinity?
How much attraction an atom has for electrons
8.1 FORMING CHEMICAL BONDS
 State
the octet rule?
When atoms have 8 electrons in its valence orbit
it’s chemically stable- like the noble gases
8.1 FORMING CHEMICAL BONDS
 How
are positive ions formed? What are
they called?
When atoms loses electrons they form positive ions
called cations. Metals are cations
8.1 FORMING CHEMICAL BONDS
 What
1+
are the charges on group 1A?_______
 What are the charges on group 2A________
2+
 What are the charges on group 3A?_______
3+
Predicting Ionic Charges
Group 1: Lose 1 electron to form 1+ ions
H+
Li+ Na+
K+
Predicting Ionic Charges
B3+
Al3+
Ga3+
Group 13: Loses 3
electrons to form
3+ ions
Predicting Ionic Charges
Depends! If it’s a
metal it will lose 4
electrons = +4
Group 14: Lose 4
electrons or gain
4 electrons?
8.1 FORMING CHEMICAL BONDS
 What
are pseudo-noble gas configurations?
YOU NEED TO READ!!
When the inner groups 4-6 lose electrons to fill
their s, p, d orbitals by “stealing” from the higher s
group. This forms a “fake (pseudo) noble gas
configuration.
8.1 FORMING CHEMICAL BONDS
 How
are negative ions formed? What are
they called?
When atoms gain electrons they form negative ions
called anions. Nonmetals are anions
8.1 FORMING CHEMICAL BONDS
 What
3are the charges on group 5A?_______
 What are the charges on group 6A________
2 What are the charges on group 7A?_______
1-
Predicting Ionic Charges
F1- Fluoride
Cl1- Chloride
Br1- Bromide
I1-
Iodide
Group 17: Gains 1
electron to form
1- ions
Predicting Ionic Charges
Group 18: Stable
Noble gases do not
form ions!
Predicting Ionic Charges
Groups 3 - 12: Many transition elements
have more than one possible oxidation state.
Iron(II) = Fe2+
Iron(III) = Fe3+
Predicting Ionic Charges
Groups 3 - 12: Some transition elements
have only one possible oxidation state.
Zinc = Zn2+
Silver = Ag+
8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC
BONDS
 Formation
of an Ionic BondREAD THIS PART!!
 DESCRIBE an ionic bond
When atoms transfer electrons creating a positivenegative ion, the electrostatic forces that hold these
opposing particles together is called ionic bonding
Transfer electrons
+/Metal-nonmetal
Compound
8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC
BONDS
 What
are ionic compounds?
Compounds that contain ionic bonds are called ionic
compounds
Transfer electrons
+/Metal-nonmetal
Compound
8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC
BONDS
 What
are binary ionic compounds?
Compounds that contain 2 different elements
EXAMPLES:
NaCl
MgF2
Al2O3
8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC
BONDS
 Properties
of Ionic Compounds
 What are ionic crystals?
When ionic compounds are packed in a repeated
pattern of +/- they create an ionic crystal
8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC
BONDS
 Properties
of Ionic Compounds
 What are crystal lattices?
Crystal lattices are three-dimensional geometric
arrangement of particles. Each positive ion is
surround by a negative ion
8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC
BONDS
 What
specific properties do ionic crystals have?
They have high melting and boiling points.
The color is related to their structure.
Brittle solids
Dissolves in water
Conductive (when dissolved in water) Electrolytes
8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC
BONDS
 What
causes these particular properties?
The bonded atoms have a strong attraction to each
other (+/-).
8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC
BONDS
 What
creates an electrolyte?
When ionic compounds dissolve in water the ions
are free from each other and conduct a current.
8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC
BONDS
 Energy

and the ionic bond
What is an endothermic reaction? Exothermic?
When energy is absorbed during a chemical
reaction, the reaction is endothermic.
When energy is released during a chemical
reaction, the reaction is exothermic.
8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC
BONDS
 Energy
and the ionic bond
 The creation of an ionic bond is which type of
energy reaction?
Exothermic.
8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC
BONDS
 Energy
and the ionic bond
 What is lattice energy? What is the strength
determined by?
Lattice energy is the energy required to separate
ions from each other in an ionic compound.
The strength is determined by hold of each ion has
to each other. The MORE negative the lattice
energy the stronger the attraction
8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC
BONDS
 Energy
and the ionic bond
 How does the size of the ions affect lattice
energy?
The smaller the ion the MORE negative value for
lattice energy (stronger the attraction).
This is because the valence electrons are closer to
the nucleus.
8.2 THE FORMATION & NATURE OF IONIC
BONDS
 Energy
and the ionic bond
 How does the charge affect lattice energy?
Large positives (+3) and large negatives (-3) the
more negative the lattice energy (stronger the
attractions).
Mg2+ and O2- = MgO has 4 times the lattice energy
than Na1+ and F1- = NaF
8.3 NAME AND FORMULAS FOR IONIC
COMPOUNDS
 Define
formula unit
Since ionic compounds exist as a crystal lattice, we
call the simplest form of the lattice as the formula
unit.
NaCl exist as
NaClNaClNaCl
ClNaClNaClNa
NaClNaClNaCl
ClNaClNaClNa
Formula unit  NaClNaClNaCl
8.3 NAME AND FORMULAS FOR IONIC
COMPOUNDS
 Define
monatomic ion
Monatomic ion is one-atom ion like Mg2+ or Br1-.
MONATOMIC IONS TO BINARY COMPOUNDS
 One


–atom ion (Monatomic ions)
Fluorine atom  gains 1 electrons + Fluorine ion (F-1)
Lithium atom  loses 1 electron + Lithium ion (Li+1)
 Binary


compounds
Form when 2 monatomic ion bond to make a formula
unit.
Oxidation numbers (charges) have to cancel out
8.3 NAME AND FORMULAS FOR IONIC
COMPOUNDS
 Define
polyatomic ion
Polyatomic ions are made of bonded atoms
(covalently bonded) that carries a charge.
EXAMPLE-
phosphate ion
PO43-
8.3 NAME AND FORMULAS FOR IONIC
COMPOUNDS
 Define
oxyanion
Oxyanion are polyatomic ions that contain a
nonmetal (covalently) bonded to an oxygen.
EXAMPLE-
phosphate ion
PO43-
HOMEWORK:
CH. 8 SEC. 1-2 WS