 The great output of machine-made goods in England
 Enclosures  fenced in farms
 Landowners experimented with new agricultural
methods
 Smaller farmers couldn’t compete with larger farm
owners so they gave up farming and moved to the city
 Charles Townshed  came up with a 4 year crop
rotation cycle
 Helps replenish the nutrients in the soil
 Natural Resources
 Water power
 Iron ore to construct machines
 Rivers for transportation
 Harbors which merchant ships can sail from
 Business people invested in new machines
 Banks gave out loans to people starting new businesses
 England had many overseas colonies and could sell
new products to the colonies
 Large labor force
Inventor
Invention
Importance
James Hargreaves
Spinning Wheel
Spin 8 threads at a time
Samuel Crompton
Spinning Mule
Thread was stronger and
finer
Eli Whitney
Cotton Gin
Made production faster
Inventor
Invention
Importance
James Watt
Steam engine
More output
Robert Fulton
Steam engine (water
travel)
Improved water travel
John McAdam
Roadbeds
Allowed easy travel even
in rainy weather
Inventor
Invention
Importance
George Stephenson
First railroad line
Ran 27 miles
Importance of Railroads
1) Helped manufacturing – cheap way to transport goods
2) New jobs were created
3) England’s agricultural and fishing industries boomed (easy transport)
4) Country people could now take distant city jobs
 During the War of 1812, Britain: placed a blockade
around the US to keep the US from international
trade forcing the US to look inward for
independent industries.
 Britain didn’t allow engineers, mechanics, and
toolmakers to leave the country. Why?
 They didn’t want their ideas to spread (more $$ for
them)
 Samuel Slater: English mill
work; went to the US and
built a spinning machine
from memory and a partial
diagram. Slater’s Mill in
Pawtucket, RI
 Moses Brown: opened first factory in RI
 What were conditions like for the mill girls?
 Worked over 12 hours/day, 6 days a week; were watched
inside and outside of work
 1) Belgium  carpenter went to Belgium (from
England) and built spinning machines
 2) Germany  railroads were built
 “Laissez-faire” means: “let do” – “let people do as
they please” Government shouldn’t interfere with
business.
 Adam Smith: wrote The Wealth of Nations – he said
that economic freedom leads to economic
progress
 Capitalism: money invested in business with the
goal of making $$
 Utilitarianism: greatest good for the greatest
number
  Jeremy Bentham: came up with the idea of
Utilitarianism
Characteristics of Socialism:
1) Factors of production are owned by the public
2) Government should plan (be involved) in the economy
3) Belief in progress and concern for social justice
(helping the less fortunate)
 Communism: ALL factors of production are owned
by the people
  Karl Marx: father of communism
 Characteristics of Communism:
1) property is owned by the people (managed by the
gov’t)
2) all goods and services would be shared equally
Urbanization: City building and people moving to cities
London: (capital of England) Europe’s largest city—1
million people by 1800
Living Conditions
1) Lacked adequate housing, education, police
2) Unpaved streets, no drains, heaps of garbage
3) Multiple families lived in small apartments
4) Sickness was widespread
Owners of the
factories and
mines
Upper
Class
Upper Middle
Class
• Factory
supervisors ,
toolmakers,
mechanical
drafters
Gov’t employees,
doctors, lawyers
Lower Middle
Class
Working Class
• No
improvements
in life
• Machines
replaced them
 Benefit of child labor? Little hands, cheap labor
 Union: workers get together as a group and try to
improve work conditions and/or pay.
 Strike: workers refuse to work until their demands are
met
 For years, Britain did what?
 Denied workers the right to form a unionthreat to
social order and stability
 Factory Act of 1833
 1) Illegal for 9 year olds and under to work
 2) 10-12 year olds couldn’t work more than 8 hrs/day
 3) 13-17 year olds couldn’t work more than 10 hrs/day
 Ten Hours Act: women and kids couldn’t work more
than 10 hours a day
 Women: earned more money in factories than those
women who stayed home…but earned less than men