The Civil Rights Movement
and Political Party Shift
8-7.2 and 8-7.3
EQ #1: How did African Americans
finally achieve Civil Rights in South
Carolina?
EQ #2: How did the ‘Solid South’
change politically during the Civil
Rights movement?
EASY 100 QUIZ GRADE!!!
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beginning of class on Wednesday, April 23rd.
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8-7.2
Analyze the movement for civil rights in South
Carolina, including the impact of the landmark
court cases Elmore v. Rice and Briggs v. Elliot;
civil rights leaders Septima Poinsette Clark,
Modjeska Monteith Simkins, and Matthew J.
Perry; the South Carolina school equalization
effort and other resistance to school integration;
peaceful efforts to integrate beginning with
colleges and demonstrations in South Carolina
such as the Friendship Nine and the
Orangeburg Massacre.
8-7.3: Explain changing politics in South
Carolina, including the role of Strom
Thurmond, the shift from the Democratic
Party to the Republican Party, the
increasing political participation of African
Americans and women, and the passage
of the Education Improvement Act (EIA).
Unfair Treatment of African Americans from
Colonial Times and On (txtbk. Pages 59-60)
Slave Codes (Negro Act of 1740): After the Stono
Rebellion(1739), Slave Codes were established
to put a tight control on the rights of blacks
1.) Cannot hold a meeting w/o permission or a white
man present
2.) Could not learn to read or write
3.) Could not own money
4.) Cannot be freed w/o permission of the
government
5.) Cannot travel w/o permission
6.) Could not raise their own food
Denmark Vesey (1822): Slave Revolt
(txtbk. pages 124-125)
– Added on rules to the old Negro Act of 1740
1.) no free black who left SC could return
2.) If anyone helped a slave revolt, he or she could
be executed
* Why did whites fear a slave revolt?
Dred Scott Decision (1857):
(txtbk. page 149)
- Court’s Decision = African Americans
are NOT citizens of the U.S. (even if born
in the U.S.) and they have no rights to sue
in the Supreme Court and have NO rights
at all.
Reconstruction Acts/
Equality Amendments (passed after the
Civil War)
13th Amendment: Ended slavery after Civil
War
14th Amendment: Granting citizenship overruled the Dred Scott Decision
– prohibits state and local governments from
depriving persons of life, liberty, or property
– Equal protection under the law
15th Amendment: Black Males have the
right to vote. (Suffrage= the right to vote)
Disfranchise: Take away their right to vote
–
–
–
–
Eight Box Law
Poll Tax
Grandfather Clause
Literacy Test
Rise of Jim Crow Laws (txtbk. Pages 236-237)
– 1896 – Supreme Court ruled that laws separating the
races was legal
– Separate-but-equal facilities satisfied the 14th
amendment’s requirements for equal protection
under the law.
– Case known as – Plessy v Ferguson
Jim Crow Laws
(txtbk. pages 236-237)
The laws restricted the freedoms
of African Americans.
African Americans had to attend
different schools.
African Americans had to use
different facilities.
African Americans weren’t
given equal protection by the
law or courts.
African Americans were
discouraged from voting
Segregation (pages 236-237)
Plessy v Ferguson (1896) was the court case
which made segregation legal, as long as it was
equal.
Every public place had separate sections
– African Americans could only use certain parts of
state parks
– Public buildings had separate bathrooms and water
fountains
– African Americans had to sit in the back of buses and
in the balconies of movie theaters
– African Americans could not eat in certain restaurants
Fight for Equality
The movement for Civil Rights in the U.S. was
continuous from the colonial period
Even with African Americans fighting on the
American side in WWII, the movement for civil
rights will accelerate with the “Double V” slogan,
"victory abroad, victory at home."
This movement will prove successful with the help
of leaders like Martin Luther King, the influence of
mass media and important Supreme Court
decisions like Brown v. Board of Education.
Checkpoint Questions
1) What court case established segregation, as long as it
was equal?
2) What amendment overturned Dred Scott and
guarantees equality under the law for everyone?
3) What were the Jim Crow laws? Were Jim Crow legal
under Plessy v. Ferguson?
4) Was segregation during the 1900’s in the US
“separate but equal”?
5) Why was segregation during the 1900’s
unconstitutional?
Beginning of the Civil Rights Movement
The NAACP and the Fight for Equality
Many Civil Rights organizations fought for the
fulfillment of the promises of the Declaration of
Independence (13th, 14th, 15th Amendments):
– The most important was the National
Association for the Advancement of Colored
People (NAACP).
– The NAACP used the court system and legal
action to gain civil rights.
Elmore vs. Rice (1947)
(page 297)
The NAACP took the legal approach and brought cases
to the courts that challenged the practice of
discrimination and laid the groundwork for change.
Challenged the exclusion of Af. Am. voters from
participation in the S.C. Democratic Party’s selection of
political candidates.
The Democratic Party had won elections in SC since
Reconstruction (1865-1877).
– So, the white primary was unconstitutional b/c it took
away African American’s voice in elections.
Effects of Elmore v. Rice
Elmore vs. Rice (1947) – the court ruled
that the all white primary was
unconstitutional.
African Americans, who continued to face
white hostility, still had to overcome the
intimidation but they now had the
opportunity to impact the selection of
candidates and subsequently the eventual
officeholders in the solidly Democratic
South Carolina.
Checkpoint Questions
1) When the NAACP brought Elmore v. Rice to court,
what did they claim was the problem?
2) Which Amendment did this violate?
3) How did this problem affect African American political
participation in elections in SC?
4) What was the result of Elmore v. Rice?
5) Why was the all-white Democratic primary
unconstitutional?
Segregated Schools
(page 298)
Under Plessy v. Ferguson, the law claims
that the schools are to be “Separate but
Equal;” however, the schools were
Separate but NOT equal.
In 1951, the state of South Carolina spent
$166.45 per year on each white student
and $44.32 on each black student
White children were taken to school on a
bus, while black children had to walk
How Do These Pictures Compare?
Which school would you rather go to?
Does this look “separate but equal” to you?
Is this how the Plessy v. Ferguson judges meant
for the 14th amendment and their ruling to turn out?
The story of Briggs v. Elliot
page 298
Parents of some African
American students in
Clarendon County, South
Carolina requested a bus to
take their children to their allblack school.
Some children had to walk 18
miles to and from school each
day.
–
–
County’s 2,375 white children =
30 school buses
County’s 6,531 black children =
0 school buses
The story of Briggs v. Elliot
Parents felt that the “Separate but Equal”
doctrine should require the school district to pay
for gas and repairs on the bus the families had
bought for their children.
J.A. Delaine was the main character who taught
school and was a pastor at a local church.
– Because of his actions, he lost his teaching position
and his house was burned down.
Briggs v Elliott was argued in the federal district
court in Charleston by Thurgood Marshall. He
was an attorney for the NAACP and later a
Supreme Court Judge.
African Americans lost in the district court, so the
NAACP appealed the decision to the Supreme
Court with the help of Modjeska Monteith
Simkins.
Modjeska Simkins
Thurgood Marshall
Judge W. Waring
Rev. J.A. Delaine
The End of Segregation
The Briggs v Elliott was the first of five
cases that went along with a bigger case
on segregation. (page 298)
– Brown v Board of Education
Supreme Court ruled that separate was
unequal, that the only way for true equality
was to integrate schools (May 1954).
The US Supreme Court also ruled that
African American students should be
integrated into classrooms with white
children with “all deliberate speed”.
Brown vs. Board of Education
Check Point ?s
1.) What court case was the basis for
segregated schools and public facilities?
2.) What was the significance of Elliot v. Rice?
3.) What was the significance of the Briggs v.
Elliott case?
4.) What did the Supreme Court rule in the
Brown vs. Board of Education?
5.) How do these court cases affect you today?
Would your education be different? How?
Integration in SC and
The Political Party Shift
Review: Political Parties and Civil Rights
– Before the Civil War, abolitionists and freesoilers joined together to form a new
political party with the goal of ending
slavery, the Republicans. (page 150)
– Democrat Wade Hampton “redeems” SC
from the Radical Republicans after federal
troops leave SC in 1877. (p. 210)
Political Party Shift Begins w/ FDR
(pages 308-310)
– The Democratic president FDR opens WW2 wartime jobs to
African Americans, so many to move off SC farms for better
opportunities in the cities of the North and West.
– Harry Truman (the president after FDR, also a Dem.)
desegregates the US military right after WW2.
– Truman’s actions anger SCers so much that SC Senator
Strom Thurmond and other Southerners walk out of the
national Dem. Convention in 1948 and form their own party,
the Dixiecrats.
– Strom Thurmond runs for president in 1948 as a Dixiecrat
and wins SC, but not the presidency.
– After losing the election, Thurmond and friends return to the
Democratic party.
Check Point Questions
1) Did African Americans vote Republican or
Democrat in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s?
2) Did white SCers vote Democrat or
Republican?
3) Who won elections in SC during the 1940’s,
Democrats or Republicans? Why?
4) Why had the South voted for Democrats
instead of Republicans since the Civil War?
South Carolina’s Reaction to
School Integration (page 300)
SC launched a statewide effort to improve
education by making separate Af. Am.
schools equal to schools for whites
– Trying to remain segregated under the Plessy
“separate by equal” doctrine.
Massive building program is known as the
equalization effort.
South Carolina’s Reaction to
School Integration (page 300)
Modern schools for Af. Am. students were
built throughout the state.
Equalization effort = not successful in
persuading the courts that “separate but
equal” should be upheld
– Brown ruling was met with widespread and
sometimes violent opposition
– Causing delay after delay.
– Led by SC Governor James F. Byrnes
The Southern Manifesto
(pages 309-310)
Strom Thurmond authored the Southern
Manifesto, signed by all but 3 congressmen
from the Deep South (101 in total).
– The document condemned the Brown decision for
upsetting the relationship of whites and African
Americans in the South.
– Encouraged resistance to desegregation, also called
integration.
The State Development Board (1954)
(page 328)
Strom Thurmond fought very hard against
integration.
However, he also had created the State
Development Board in 1954, whose
purpose was to convince businesses to
move here and to attract people to move to
SC from other parts of the country and
world and to invest money in SC.
Strom Thurmond switches from
Democrat to Republican
Please read page 309-310 in your textbook.
1) What party did Strom Thurmond belong to
before 1964?
2) What were Strom Thurmond’s views on
segregation before the mid 1960’s?
3) Why did he switch to the Republican party in
1964?
4) How did Thurmond’s views on civil rights
change after 1965?
Acts of Protest Against
Segregation (page 303)
SC leaders had resisted integration and
civil rights for decades, but they also had a
strong desire to attract economic
investment to the state
– Pictures of protests and violence in other
southern states carried on nationwide TV and
in newspapers
– Did not encourage such investments
In 1963, SC began to slowly and
deliberately integrate public facilities.
Similar actions were taken in other
southern states.
By the early 1970s, there was
desegregation in most of South Carolina’s
public schools.
South Carolina Begins to
Integrate (page 303)
Beginning first with Clemson College
followed by the University of South
Carolina.
– State colleges were integrated w/o the
violence which engulfed campuses in other
southern states.
This relatively peaceful integration of
public facilities in SC was marred by the
violence of the Orangeburg Massacre
(discussed towards the end of the notes)
Checkpoint ?’s
1) How might businesses feel about moving to SC if they
see violence and racism on TV?
2) Why did Strom Thurmond and other SC leaders
eventually agree to integrate?
3) What was the “Southern Manifesto”?
4) What political party was Strom Thurmond a member
of when he wrote this manifesto?
5) Why did Strom Thurmond form the Dixiecrat political
party?
Checkpoint Questions
continued
6) Why did African Americans
begin to vote Democrat for the
first time after WW2?
7) Why do white SCers begin to vote Republican during the
1950s and 1960s?
8) Please explain how our two political parties (Democrat and
Republican) shifted and many people switched sides during the
post-WW2 era.
9) What year did Brown v. Board outlaw segregation? When did
SC begin to integrate schools?
10) Why did SC leaders finally agree to integrate our schools,
almost 20 years after Brown v. Board?
Civil Rights Movement in Full
Swing (pages 300-301)
In 1956, the Supreme Court ruled that people
could not be told where to sit on a bus based on
skin color – South Carolina ignored the ruling
African Americans began the civil rights
movement to gain the same rights as whites
There were marches and protests throughout
the country
– Most of the violence was concentrated in Alabama
and Mississippi
States were forced to take out racist laws in the 1950s
and 1960s (page 310)
President Lyndon Johnson signed the
Civil Rights Act of 1964
– This document outlawed discrimination in restaurants, churches, hotels,
and other public places and businesses
– Guaranteed “Equal Protection of the Laws” as established in the 14th
Amendment
– Outlawed discrimination in the workplace and provided additional job
opportunities for African Americans when enforced
– LBJ also signed the
–Voting Rights Act of 1965
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and
The Voting Rights Act of 1965
African Americans began to have a voice in
state government
In 1960, there were 58,000 registered African
American voters in South Carolina and that
number jumped to 191,000 by 1966
South Carolina Civil Rights
Leaders (page 306)
Septima Poinsette Clark: Public school
teacher
– She sought equal pay for Af. Am. and white
teachers along w/ the NAACP
– Left SC when state legislature passed a bill
saying that public employees could not belong
to a civil rights organization.
– She later taught at the Highlander Fold
School in Tennessee, where many civil rights
leaders learned the strategy of nonviolent
direct action, also called nonviolent
South Carolina Civil Rights
Leaders
Modjeska Simkins: teacher and
public health worker.
- Active member of the NAACP
- Participated in the efforts to
equalize teachers’ salaries and
to reform the white primary
(Elmore v. Rice)
South Carolina Civil Rights Leaders
Matthew Perry: Matthew J Perry was the first
graduate of the new law school at South
Carolina State to pass the bar exam. As a civil
rights lawyer, Perry was instrumental in bringing
cases in South Carolina to challenge
segregation.
Fought for adoption of single-member districts in
SC’s House of Representatives
Making it possible for more black
lawmakers to get elected
Later served as SC’s 1st Af. Am. Federal judge.
The Friendship Nine
(page 303)
Students at Friendship College who introduced a new
tactic in the early 1960s
While planning a sit-in at a Rock Hill lunch counter, the
students decided that if arrested, they would not accept
bail but would serve out their sentence.
Other protesters across the country adopted the “jail not
bail” tactics and served out their jail sentences.
– Straining the local prison system and drawing the
attention of the national press.
Septima Poinsette Clark
Friendship Nine
Matthew Perry
Orangeburg Massacre (page 304)
February 8, 1968
Black students from
S.C. State College
protested an all-white
bowling alley.
Highway Patrol shot
into an unarmed mob;
killing 3 and injuring
27.
Orangeburg Massacre
The officers were acquitted but a wounded
student was convicted of “riot” b/c of his
activity at the bowling alley several nights
b/f the shooting
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (pages 300-301)
“We must use the weapon of love…We must have compassion
and understanding for those who hate us.”
He encouraged people to use the strategy of nonviolent
resistance to achieve civil rights.
Became the major leader of the African-American struggle for
equality.
Dr. King was assassinated two months after the Orangeburg
Massacre. The national press paid little attention to the events
in Orangeburg because it was overshadowed by the tragic
murder of this incredible man.
Why do you think the strategy of nonviolent resistance was so
effective in helping African Americans achieve civil rights?
Last Check Point Questions!
1) What two important documents did Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson
sign that were big step forward for Civil Rights?
2) How did these Democratic president’s actions affect the political
party shift that had begun with FDR?
3) Please list st least one accomplishment for each of the following
SC civil rights leaders:
Septima Poinsette ClarkModjeska Monteith SimkinsMatthew J. Perry4) What strategy did the Friendship Nine use, and why did it work so
well?
5) What happened at the Orangeburg Massacre? Why were people
around the country upset about this?
6) Why did people stop paying attention to the Orangeburg
Massacre?
Quizlet Test!
Now, please go to Quizlet.com and search
for “Lila Mathena SC History”. Click on our
class and select ‘8-7’. Reread your notes
and study the terms.
Then, click on ‘test’ and select ‘multiplechoice’ and ‘matching’ on the righthand
side. You must do at least 25 questions.
You may keep trying on the test if you
want to raise your grade. Due by the end
of class Wednesday.