Meioooosis Meiosis animation Meiosis Meiosis • Form of cell division where there are two successive rounds of cell division following DNA replication • Produces haploid cells (n) • Start with 46 double stranded chromosomes (2n) – After 1st division - 23 double stranded chromosomes (n) – After 2nd division - 23 single stranded chromosomes (n) • Occurs in our germ cells – cells that produce our gametes • egg and sperm Why do we need meiosis? - It is the fundamental basis of sex What is the purpose of sex? -To bring two haploid gametes together to form a diploid zygote. -n (mom) + n (dad) = 2n (offspring) Replication of chromosomes • Replication is the process of duplicating a chromosome • Occurs prior to division • Replicated copies are called sister chromatids • Held together at centromere Meiosis a cell division forming gametes Goal: reduce genetic material by half Why? from mom from dad child too much! meiosis reduces genetic content Meiosis: cell division in two parts Sister chromatids separate Homologs separate Meiosis I Meiosis II Diploid Haploid Haploid Result: one copy of each chromosome in a gamete. Meiosis II : the equational division Prophase II (haploid) Metaphase II (haploid) Anaphase II (haploid) Four Telophase II nonidentical (haploid) haploid daughter cells Called a tetrad A replicated chromosome Gene X sister chromatids homologs same genes maybe different alleles same genes same alleles Homologs separate in meiosis I and therefore different alleles separate. Spermatogenesis: sperm formation Spermatogeneis Stem cells in testes divide mitotically to create a pool of spermatocytes. Meiosis produces four spermatids. Oogenesis First polar body may divide (haploid) a a X a X a Meiosis I A Oogonium (diploid) X X Mitosis X Primary oocyte (diploid) Polar bodies die Meiosis II (if fertilization occurs) A X A X Secondary oocyte (haploid) Ovum (egg) A X Second polar body (haploid) Mature egg Oogenesis: ovum formation • One of four meiotic products becomes an ovum. • The three remaining meiotic products are polar bodies. Meiosis I : the reduction division Spindle fibers Nucleus Nuclear envelope Prophase I (early) (diploid) Prophase I (late) (diploid) Metaphase I (diploid) Anaphase I (diploid) Telophase I (diploid) Prophase I Early prophase Late prophase Homologs pair. Crossing over occurs. Chromosomes condense. Spindle forms. Nuclear envelope fragments. Metaphase I Homolog pairs align along the equator of the cell. Anaphase I Homologs separate and move to opposite poles. Sister chromatids remain Attached at their centromeres. Telophase I Nuclear envelopes reassemble. Spindle disappears. Cytokinesis divides cell into two. Have 2 cells, each with 46 chromosomes Meiosis II Gene X Only one homolog of each chromosome is present in the cell. Sister chromatids carry identical genetic information. Meiosis II produces gametes with one copy of each chromosome and thus one copy of each gene. Prophase II Nuclear envelope fragments. Spindle forms. Metaphase II Chromosomes align along equator of cell. Anaphase II Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. Telophase II Nuclear envelope assembles. Chromosomes decondense. Spindle disappears. Cytokinesis divides cell into two. Results of meiosis Gametes Four haploid cells One copy of each chromosome One allele of each gene Different combinations of alleles for different genes along the chromosome Fig 2.19 Mitosis Meiosis 2 Number of divisions 1 Number of daughter cells 2 4 Yes No Same as parent Half of parent Somatic cells Germline cells Genetically identical? Chromosome # Where When Throughout life Role Growth and repair At sexual maturity Sexual reproduction Mitosis vs. Meiosis NOVA Online | 18 Ways to Make a Baby | How Cells Divide: Mitosis vs. Meiosis (Flash) Why do we have meiosis? - to generate haploid gametes - to make new combinations of genes -How? random (independent) assortment recombination Independent assortment The homolog of one chromosome can be inherited with either homolog of a second chromosome. Fig 2.20 Random assortment Since the combination of maternal and parental chromosomes received by a gamete is random. And we have 23 pairs of chromosomes The possible combinations in an egg or a sperm are 223 = 8,388,608 combinations in an offspring 223 X 223 = 70,368,744,177,664 Result: Generates new combinations of genes (alleles) when the genes are located on different chromosomes. Recombination Crossing-over - the physical exchange of chromosomal material between chromatids of homologous chromosomes. - Result: Generation of new combinations of genes (alleles) if the genes are located on the same chromosome. Recombination (crossing over) • Occurs in prophase of meiosis I A A B B C • Generates diversity b C D D E F E F a a b c c d d e f •Creates chromosomes with new combinations of alleles for genes A to F. e f Recombination (crossing over) • Occurs in prophase of meiosis I A a B b C • Generates diversity Letters denote genes Case denotes alleles C D D E F c c d E F d e f •Creates chromosomes with new combinations of alleles for genes A to F. e f Recombination (crossing over) • Occurs in prophase of meiosis I a A B b C • Generates diversity Letters denote genes Case denotes alleles D E F A a B b C D E F c c d d e f •Creates chromosomes with new combinations of alleles for genes A to F. e f Gametogenesis - spermatogenesis - oogenesis Fertilization • Fertilization is the joining of sperm and ovum. • Meiosis II in the ovum is completed at the time of fertilization forming one ovum and one polar body. • Following fertilization, chemical reactions occur preventing additional sperm from entering the ovum.