ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I: CHAPTER 2 - CHEMISTRY
I.
II.
Definitions
A. Biochemistry
B. Matter
C. Element
D. Compound
Elements
A. What are bulk elements?
B. List 11 Bulk Elements with their atomic symbols
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
C. What are trace elements?
D. List 7 Trace Elements with their atomic symbols
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
III.
Atoms
A. List 3 Subatomic Particles and their locations within an atom
1.
2.
3.
B. Atomic Numbers, Charges and Weights
1. What charge does each subatomic particle carry?
a.
b.
c.
2. Define Atomic Number:
3. Define Atomic Weight:
4. What is an isotope?
5. Give an example of an isotope:
IV.
Molecules
A. Define Molecule:
B. Give two examples of molecules and their molecular formulas
1.
2.
C. What is the difference between a molecule and a compound?
V.
Bonding of Atoms
A. Electrons
1. Chemical bonds result from interactions of ___________
2. Electron Shells and Configuration
a. 1st shell =
b. 2nd shell =
c. 3rd shell =
3. What is the octet rule?
4. Electrons are most stable when they are paired
B. Ions
1. Definitions and Examples
a. Definition of ion:
b. Definition of Cation
c. Example of Cation:
d. Definition of anion:
e. Example of an Anion:
C. Types of Bonds
1. Ionic Bond:
a. Definition
b. Example of an ionic bond:
c. Do ionic bonds form compounds?
2. Covalent Bond
a. Definition:
b. What is the difference between polar and nonpolar
covalent bonds?
c. Give an example of a polar covalent bond and a
nonpolar covalent bond:
i. Nonpolar Bond:
ii. Polar Bond:
3. Hydrogen Bond
a. Definition:
b. A hydrogen bond is usually formed between
Hydrogen and _________
c. State the importance of hydrogen bonds in protein
structures
VI.
Chemical Reactions
A. Distinguish between reactants and products
B. List the 4 types of chemical reactions and illustrate an example
of each type
Type
1.
Show Reaction
2.
3.
4.
C. Define Catalyst:
VII.
Acids, Bases, and Salts
A. Electrolytes
1. Definition of an electrolyte
2. Illustrate the dissociation of an ionic substance in
water
B. Acids and Bases
1. Define an Acid:
a. Draw a reaction that depicts the dissociation of
a strong acid in water
2. Define a Base:
a. Draw a reaction that depicts the dissociation of
a strong base in water
3. Bases react with acids to form _____ and _______.
4. The pH scale measures __________________________.
a. How does the change in pH effect the H+ concentration
[H+] in a solution? What happens to the [H+] when the
pH is increased by 1?
b. A solution with pH = 7.0 is ______
c. A solution with pH > 7.0 is ______
d. A solution with pH < 7.0 is ______
5. Show a reaction that depicts the dissociation of water
into an acid and a base:
6. The normal pH range of blood is ______ to ______.
a. Alkalosis occurs when blood pH > ______
b. Acidosis occurs when blood pH < _______
VIII.
Chemical Constituents of Cells
A. Inorganic vs. Organic Chemicals
1. How do inorganic chemicals differ from organic chemicals?
2. What two elements are found in almost all organic
chemicals?
3. List 4 Inorganic Substances:
a.
b.
c.
d.
B. Organic Substances
1. Carbon-to-Carbon bonding
a. Each carbon element can make ____ single bonds, or
_____ double bonds
b. Illustrate a 7 carbon hydrocarbon chain:
c. Illustrate a 6 carbon hydrocarbon ring:
2. List the 4 major organic monomers and their polymers
Monomer
Polymer
a.
b.
c.
d.
C. Carbohydrates
1. What is the major function of carbohydrates?
2. Carbohydrates contain 3 elements.
a.
They are
b.
c.
3. ____________(also called ________) are the monomers of
carbohydrates, and an example is _________________.
4. Illustrate a disaccharide:
5. Complex carbohydrates are also called ____________, and
three examples include:
a.
b.
c.
D. Lipids
1. Lipids are hydrophobic, which means…
2. What are the three most common lipids:
a.
b.
c.
3. Lipids are composed of 3 elements.
a.
b.
c.
They are:
4. Fats
a. The building blocks of fats consist of
i. 1 molecule of…
ii. 3 molecules of…
b. Draw a glycerol molecule:
c. Draw a fatty acid chain:
i. Label the carboxyl group
ii. Label the hydrocarbon chain
d. What is the difference between a saturated fatty acid
and an unsaturated fatty acid?
e. Draw a fat molecule:
i. Distinguish between an unsaturated fat and a
saturated fat.
5. Phospholipids
a. The 3 building blocks of phospholipids are:
i. 1 ___________ molecule
ii. 2 __________________ molecules
iii. 1 ___________ group
b. The phosphate group is hydrophilic, which means that
it is:
c. A phospholipid consists of a ___________ head and a
__________ tail.
6. Steroids
a. Steroids are composed of __________________.
b. List two examples of steroids:
i.
ii.
E. Proteins
1. Give 4 functions of proteins
a.
b.
c.
d.
2. Define Enzyme
3. The monomers (building blocks) of proteins are:
4. Amino Acids
a. List the 4 essential components of an amino acid:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
b. Illustrate a generic amino acid:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Label
Label
Label
Label
the
the
the
the
amino group
carboxyl group
central carbon
“R” group
c. Amino acids are joined end-to-end by peptide
bonds. Illustrate a dipeptide and label the
peptide bond.
5. Proteins
a. Proteins have complex 3-dimensional shapes,
called _____________.
b. List the 4 levels of a protein’s structure:
i. __________ structure, includes the amino
acid sequence
ii. __________ structure, includes alpha helices
& pleated sheets
iii. __________ structure, includes the
3-dimensional shape of polypeptide
iv. __________ structure, is reserved for
proteins with multiple polypeptides
c. What does it mean to denature a protein?
F. Nucleic Acids
1. What is the primary function of nucleic acids?
2. The monomers of nucleic acids are:
3. List the 3 components of a nucleotide:
4. Illustrate a generic nucleotide:
5. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)& Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
a. List two major differences between DNA and RNA:
i.
ii.