PowerPoint Presentation to Accompany
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Chapter 8
The Articular System
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Introduction
• Articulation: union between two or more
bones
• Can be mobile or immobile
• Examples
– Sutures between skull bones
– Knee or elbow joint
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The Classification of Joints:
Structure and Function
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Introduction
• Joints are classified into three major
groups based on:
– Degree of movement allowed (function)
– Type of material holding bones together
(structure)
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Synarthroses
• No movement
– Suture: bones connected by thin layer
connective tissue (skull)
– Syndesmosis: connected by ligaments
between bones (radius and ulna)
– Gomphosis: conical process in a socket
(teeth)
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Amphiarthroses
• Slight movement
– Symphysis: connected by disk of
fibrocartilage (pubic symphysis)
– Synchondrosis: connected by hyaline
cartilage (growth plate between diaphysis and
epiphyses)
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Diarthroses or Synovial Joints
• Free movement
• Capsule with internal cavity
• Capsule composition: fibrous cartilage,
ligaments, tendons, muscle, synovial
membranes
• Functions: weight bearing and movement
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Diarthroses or Synovial Joints
(cont’d.)
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Movements at Synovial Joints
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Movements at Synovial Joints
(cont’d.)
• Flexion/Extension
– Hyperextension: abnormal extension
•
•
•
•
Dorsiflexion/Plantar flexion
Abduction/Adduction
Rotation
Circumduction
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Movements at Synovial Joints
(cont’d.)
•
•
•
•
Supination/Pronation
Eversion/Inversion
Protraction/Retraction
Opposition/Reposition
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The Six Types of Diarthroses
or Synovial Joints
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The Six Types of Diarthroses or
Synovial Joints (cont’d.)
• Ball-and-socket
– Widest range of movement
• Movement can occur in all planes and directions
– Shoulder
– Hip
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The Six Types of Diarthroses or
Synovial Joints (cont’d.)
• Hinge
– Convex surface fits into concave surface
– Flexion and extension only
– Knee
– Elbow
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The Six Types of Diarthroses or
Synovial Joints (cont’d.)
• Pivot
– Rotation in one plane
– Atlas and axis (cervical spine)
– Rotation of the head
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The Six Types of Diarthroses or
Synovial Joints (cont’d.)
• Condyloid (ellipsoidal)
– Oval-shaped condyle fits into elliptical cavity
– Motion in two planes at right angles
– Radius and carpal bones
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The Six Types of Diarthroses or
Synovial Joints (cont’d.)
• Saddle
– Motion in two planes at right angles
– Permits opposition of the thumb
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The Six Types of Diarthroses or
Synovial Joints (cont’d.)
• Gliding
– Gliding motion
– Intervertebral joints in spine
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Animation – Synovial Joints
• [Insert synovial joints.swf]
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Bursae
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Bursae (cont’d.)
• Closed sacs prevent friction between
tissues
– Synovial membrane lining
– Subcutaneous: between skin and underlying
bony processes
– Subfascial: between overlying muscles
– Subtendinous: between overlying tendons or
bony projections
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Summary
• Discussed the three types of joints
(synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and
diarthroses or synovial joints)
• Described the movements possible at
synovial joints
• Named the six types of synovial joints
• Discussed the functions and types of
bursae
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