Anatomy Step I Basic Histology Slides
1) Chondrogenic Ossification
-2 ways of ossification:
-intramembranous oss.: direct mineralization of matrix secreted by osteoblasts
-chondrogenic oss.: deposition of bone matrix an a preexisting cartilage matrix
-> this takes place in a piece of hyaline cartilage
-responsible for formation of long and short bones
-steps:
1) formation of bone collar (hollow bony cylinder at mid portion
 produced by intramembraneous oss.
2) degeneration at cartilage with cell enlargement & calcification of matrix
 process begins at diaphysis (blood cells enter here+ osteoclasts+ Osteoproginator
cells)
3) osteoblasts adhere to calcified matrix & produce layers of primary bone
4) creation of 2nd ossification centers in epiphysis
-> ossification centers produce cavities that are filled with bone marrow
5 zones of chondrogenic ossification
1) Resting Zone:
 hyaline cartilage
2) Proliferate Zone:
 chondrocytes divide & form columns
3) Hypertrophic cartilage Zone:
 large chondrocytes with accumulated glycogen
 -matrix reduced to thin septa
4) Calcified cartilage Zone:
 -death of chondrocytes
 -calcification matrix septa
5) Ossification Zone: appearance of chondrogenic bone tissue
 -formation of blood capillaries. & osteoprogenitor cells (-> osteoblasts)
2) Bone (cross ground)
= specialized CT composed of intercellular calcified material (bone matrix)
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
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3 cell types:
a. osteoclasts (multinucleated giant cells, veabsorbtion and remodeling of bone
tissue)
b. Osteoblasts (synthesize organic components of matrix derived from
osteoprogenitor cells later become osteocytes)
c. Osteocytes (found in lacunae within the matrix) -> communicate with capillaries
via canaliculi
Bone surfaces:
a. Endosteum (lining inner surface)
i. CT & osteoprogenitor cells
b. Periosteum (lining outer surface)
i. Sharpeys fibers (= collagen fibers) bind periosteum to bone
ii. Composed of osteoprogenitor cells
c. Endo- and Periosteum supply bone with nutrients & new Osteoblasts
Bone tissue:
a. Haversian system (osteon)
i. Lamellae (parallel collagen fibers) -> interstitial outer & inner
circumferential
ii. Lacunae (withosteocytis inside lamellae)
iii. Central vascular canal
iv. Cementing substance
v. Haversian canal (parallel)
vi. Volkmann’s canal
3) Blood smear (MGG)
Blood cells
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
Erythrocytes
o Nucleated, biconcave, 7.5 micrometer in diameter
o Outer thickness 2.8 micrometer
o Inner thickness 0.8 micrometer
o Normal value:
 3.9-5.5 Milton /microliter in women
 4.1-6 million/microliter in men
o Young RBC = reticulocyte
o Lifespan ~120 days
Leukocytes (6000-8000 per microliter)
o Neutrophil granulocyte
 60-70% of all leukocytes
 12-15 micrometer in diameter
 Nucleus with 2-5 Lobes
 Contain specific (almost invisible) granules & purple stained azurophilic
granules
 Lifespan: 1-4 days in CT I half life of 6-7 hours in blood
o Eosinophil granulocyte
 2-4% of all leukocytes
 Bilobed nucleus
 Presence of many large elongated specific granules (eosin)
o Basophil granulocyte
 >1% of all leukocytes
 12-15 micrometer in diameter
 Nucleus divided in irregular shapes but overlying specific granules blurr
the vision
o Lymphocytes (20-30%)
 Classified into groups according to surface markers, involved in immune
reactions
 Diameter varies from 6-18 micrometer
 Dark stained nucleus with light blue stained rim of cytoplasm
o Monocytes (4-6%)
 Nucleus = oval, kindney or horseshoe shaped shaped
 Lighter stained nucleus than in lymphocyte
 Diameter 12-20 micrometer
o Platelets
 150-300000 per microliter of blood
4) Lymphatic node
i. Eucapsuled, kidney-shaped lymphoid tissue organ
ii. Everywhere in the body along lymphatic vessels
iii. Important in defense against microorganisms
iv. Lymph from tissue fluids in filtered in lymph nodes
 CT capsule (with trabeculae send to the inside)
 Outer cortex:
i. Subcapsular sinus
ii. Intermediate sinuses
iii. Lymphoid nodules within B lymphocytes (with germinal centos, embedded in
meshwork of reticular cells & fibers)
 Inner cortex:
i. Contains T lymphocytes
 Medulla
i. Medulluvy cords (projections of inner cortex)
ii. Medullary lymphoid sinuses (lined by reticular cells and Macrophages)
 Afferent lymphatic vessels (drain into subcapsular sinus -> intermediate sinus ->
medullary sinuses)
 Efferent lymphatic vessels at the hilum -> valves in the vessels help the unidirectional
flow of the lymph
 Capillaries
LYMPH NODE
Stained with
haematoxylin and eosin
1 - cortex
2 - paracortical zone
3 - medulla
4 - medullary cords
5 - lymphoid follicle of the
cortex
6 - capsule
5) Spleen
 Largest accumulation of lymphoid tissue in the body -> defense against
microorganisms & site for destruction of old RBCs , activation of lymphocytes
 Dense CT capsule + tuabeccle (into splenic pulp) -> carry blood vessels and nerves
 Circulation:
i. Splenic a. -> trabeculae aa. -> central/ white pulp aa. (surrounded by PALS =
periaterial lymphatic sheath) -> penicillar arterioles -> capillaries-> sinusoids > red pulp veins -> trabecular veins ->splenic vein (hilum)
 White pulp:
i. PALS containing T Lymphocytes
ii. Lymphoid nodules containing B lymphocytes
iii. Marginal zone between white and red pulp (with few lymphocytes but many
macrophages)
 Red pulp:
i. Splenic cords (Billroth’s cords) -> containing reticular cells, T&B lymphocytes,
macrophages, plasma cells & blood cells
ii. Sinusoids (lined by elongated epithelial cells)
 Open theory –blood from peuicillar arterioles into Billroth’s cords then sinusoids
 Closed Theory – blood directly into sinusoids
SPLEEN
Stained with haematoxylin and eosin
1 - lymphoid follicle (white pulp)
2 - red pulp
3 - capsule
4 - trabeculae (connective tissue)
SPLEEN (follicle)
Stained with haematoxylin and eosin
lymphoid follicle is circled with dotted line
1 - germinal center of the follicle
2 - mantie zone of the follicle
3 - marginal zone of the follicle
4 - periarterial area of the follicle
5 - central arteriole
6 - red pulp
7 - trabeculae
SPLEEN (follicle)
Stained with haematoxylin and eosin
lymphoid follicle is circled with dotted line
1 - marginal zone of the follicle
2 - mantie zone of the follicle
3 - germinal center of the follicle
4 - periarterial area of the follicle
5 - central arteriole
6 - red pulp
7 - trabeculae
6) Radix of the tongue (= lingual tonsil)
 Located in a framework with mucous and serous glands(= lingual glands) as
well as skeletal muscle bards (which differentiates it from the palatine tonsil)
 Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium (different than pharyngeal
tonsil) -> shorter pits than palatine tonsil
 2nd lymphatic follicles (under epithelium) -> B lymphocytes
 Interfollicular area -> T lymphocytes
 The lingual tonsil is not separated from the surrounding tissue by a capsule!
 Structures from surface into deep:
i. Epithelium
ii. Lymphoid tissue
iii. Lingual glands
iv. Skeletal muscle
v. Adipose tissue
7) Parotid gland
 Branched aciuar salivary gland
 Exclusively serous cells Contain secretory granules rich in protein by amylase
activity) (narrow Lumen!)
 CT containing plasma cells and lymphocytes (IgA)
 Intercalated and striated ducts
PAROTID SALIVARY GLAND
Stained with haematoxylin and eosin
1 - serous secretory units (acini)
2 - intercalated excretory duct
3 - striated excretory duct
4 - interlobular excretory duct
5 - interlobular connective tissue septa
PAROTID SALIVARY GLAND
Stained with haematoxylin and eosin
1 - serous secretory units
2 - striated excretory duct
3 - interlobular excretory duct
PAROTID SALIVARY GLAND
Stained with haematoxylin and eosin
1 - serous secretory units
2 - intercalated excretory duct
3 - striated excretory duct
PAROTID SALIVARY GLAND
Stained with haematoxylin and eosin
1 - serous secretory units
2 - myoepithelial cells
4 - interlobular excretory duct
5 - interlobular connective tissue septa
PAROTID SALIVARY GLAND
interlobular excretory duct
Stained with haematoxylin and eosin
1 - interlobular excretory duct
2 - interlobular connective tissue septa
8) Submandibular gland
 Large, branched tubuloacinar gland
 Contains both mucous and serous cells but serous cells are predominant
i. Serous cells (round nuclei basophilic cytoplasm , darker stained)
ii. Mucous cells (light staining)
 Serous demilunes of Gianuzzi around mucous tubules (make up 10% of the
tubules 90% are serous) the demilunes secrete lysozyme
 Striated ducts (recognized by basal striation due to basal membrane infoldings)
SUBMANDIBULAR SALIVARY
GLAND
Stained with haematoxylin and eosin
1 - serous secretory unit
2 - mixed secretory unit
3 - intercalated excretory duct
4 - striated excretory duct
5 - interlobular excretory duct
6 - interlobular connective tissue septa
7 - mucous part of mixed secretory unit
8 - serous part (serous demilune) of
mixed secretory unit
SUBMANDIBULAR SALIVARY
GLAND
Stained with haematoxylin and eosin
1 - serous secretory unit
2 - mixed secretory unit
3 - intercalated excretory duct
4 - striated excretory duct
9) Oesophagus
 Muscular tube trans porting food from mouth to stomach
 Mucosa: -non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
 Lamina propria mucosae:
i. CT containing elastic fibers
ii. At the end of Oesophagus may contain mucous secreting glands similar
to cardiac glands of stomach
 Muscularis mucosae: -thick Layer (relatively) of smooth muscle cells
 Submucosa:
i. Rich in blood vessels
ii. esophageal glands (small mucous secreting glands)
 Muscularis:
i. Proximally: striated muscle (~5 cm)
ii. In midsection both striated and smooth muscle
iii. Distally: only smooth muscle (2 Layers outer longitudinal inner
circular)
 Adventitia:
i. Strong CT (Loose CT)
ii. Lower part: serosa
ESOPHAGUS
Stained with haematoxylin and eosin
1 - tunica mucosa
2 - tunica submucosa
3 - tunica muscularis propria
4 - tunica adventitia
5 - epithelium of the mucosa
6 - lamina propria of the mucosa
7 - muscularis mucosae
8 - glands in the lamina propria
ESOPHAGUS
Stained with haematoxylin and eosin
1 - tunica mucosa
2 - tunica submucosa
5 - epithelium of the mucosa
6 - lamina propria of the mucosa
7 - muscularis mucosae
8 - glands in the lamina propria
ESOPHAGUS
Stained with haematoxylin and eosin
1 - tunica mucosa
2 - tunica submucosa
3 - tunica muscularis propria
4 - tunica adventitia
5 - epithelium of the mucosa
6 - lamina propria of the mucosa
7 - muscularis mucosae
8 - glands in the lamina propria
ESOPHAGUS
Stained with haematoxylin and eosin
1 - tunica mucosa
2 - tunica submucosa
3 - tunica muscularis propria
5 - epithelium of the mucosa
6 - lamina propria of the mucosa
9 - glands in the submucosa
10) Ileum
 3rd part of small intestine
 Mucosa:
i. Simple columnar epithelium
ii. (almost) no plicae circularis (Keckring’s values) = permanent
mucous/submucous folds
iii. Finger like shaped intestinal villi (pretty flat)
iv. Few goblet cells many M (microfold) cells:
1. Overlying lymph follicles
2. Contain many lymphocytes & macrophages in basal
invaginations
3. Endocytose antigens
4. Big round dark nuclei
v. No muscularis mucosa
 Submucosa:
i. Contains large lymph follicles (Payer’s patches) (B-cells) together with
lamina propria mucosae
ii. Parafollicular zones containing cells
ILEUM
Stained with haematoxylin and eosin
1 - tunica mucosa
2 - tunica submucosa
3 - tunica muscularis propria
4 - tunica serosa
5 - villi
6 - epithelium of the mucosa (covers villi)
7 - connective tissue of the lamina propria of the mucosa
6 - glands (crypts) in the lamina propria of the mucosa
11) Vermiform appendix
 = evagination of the cecum with small narrow lumen (part of large intestine)
 No teuiae coli or intestinal villi in the mucosa
 But a lot of lymph follicles in the mucosa & submucosa
 Fewer & shorter intestinal glands
 Almost completely missing muscularis mucosae
 Muscularis: circular & longitudinal lager
12) Liver
 2nd Largest organ in the body
 70%-80% of blood entering the liver comes from the portal vein
 Everything absorbed from the intestine first enters the liver (except fats which
travel in the Lymph)
 Produces plasma proteins & eliminates/ neutralizes toxic substances
 Stroma
i. Liver is covered by capsule = Glisson’s capsule (thicker at hilum)
ii. Portal vein, hepatic Artery I hepatic duct & lymphatics covered by CT
in portal spaces between lobules
iii. Reticular fiber network supports hepatocytes & sinusoidal epithelial
cells
 Liver Lobule = hexagonally shaped interconnected cell plates made up by
hepatocytes (have round nuclei) with central vein
i. Lobules demarcated by portal spaces portal triads containing bile ducts
I blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves surrounded by CT (at Lobule
corners)
ii. Hepatocytes in labyrinthine, sponge like fashion with capillary spaces
in between (= Liver sinusoids -> fenestrated endothelial cells)
iii. Hepatocytes audeudothelial cells decided by a basal Lamina & sub
endothelial space (=Space of Disse) -> in these spaces fluid, get into
contact with Hepatocytes
iv. Endothelial cells contain KUPFFER cells = Liver macrophages
 Blood supply:
i. Portal vein system: portal vein ->portal venules (in portal spaces) ->
inlet venules (open into sinusoids) -> central vein (increases in size &
Leaves Lobule )-> sub lobular vein -> hepatic veins -> inferior vena
cava
ii. Arterial system: hepatic artery -> interlobular arteries (portal spaces) ->
inlet arterioles -> sinusoids
 Bile
i. Space between hepatocytes contain bile canaliculi -> form
anastomosing network and open into bile ductules (= Herring’s canals)
(cuboidal cells)
ii. Bile ductules end in bile duct of portal spaces
iii. Bile ducts fuse to form hepatic ducts
iv. Bile canaliculi ->Hering’s canals-> interlobular bile duct ->left & right
hepatic bile duct
LIVER
Stained with haematoxylin
and eosin
1 - hepatic artery
2 - portal vien
3 - bile duct
4 - hepatocytes
1, 2, 3 - portal tract
LIVER
Stained with haematoxylin
and eosin
1 - hepatic artery
2 - portal vien
3 - bile duct
4 - hepatocytes
1, 2, 3 - portal tract
LIVER
Stained with haematoxylin
and eosin
1 - hepatic artery
2 - portal vien
3 - bile duct
1, 2, 3 - portal tract
LIVER
Stained with haematoxylin
and eosin
1 - hepatic artery
2 - portal vien
3 - bile duct
1, 2, 3 - portal tract
LIVER
Stained with haematoxylin
and eosin
4 - hepatocytes
5 - terminal hepatic
(centrilobular) venule
LIVER
Stained with haematoxylin
and eosin
4 - hepatocytes
5 - terminal hepatic
(centrilobular) venule
6 - hepatic sinusoid
LIVER
Stained with haematoxylin
and eosin
1 - capsule
2 - liver parenchyma
LIVER
Stained with haematoxylin
and eosin
1 - capsule
2 - liver parenchyma
4 - hepatocytes
13) Pancreas (= mixed endocrine-exocrine gland -> producing digestive enzymes and
hormones)
 Not to confuse with parotid gland!
 Covered by CT capsule sending septa into pancreas, dividing pancreatic
Lobules
 Exocrine pancreas:
i. Consists of serous acinar glands
ii. No striated ducts, but intercalated ducts penetrating acinar Lumen ->
centroacinarcells = intercalated duct cells, penetrating acinar lumen
iii. Serous cells have spherical nucleus and contain zymogen granules
iv. Secretes enzymes: trypsiogens, chymotrypsinogen, proelastase,
protease E, Kallikreinogen, procarboxipeptidase, amylase, peptidases,
phospholipase A, nuclease
 Endocrine pancreas (= islets of Langerhans)
i. Multihormonal endocrine microorgan
ii. Contains capillaries and Lightly stained polygonal cells, arranged in
cords
iii. Autonomic innervation
iv. Cell types
1. α –Cells: glucagon
2. β –Cells: insulin
3. γ –Cells: Somatostatin
4. PP-Cells: pancreatic polypeptide
5. ε –Cells: glirelin
PANCREAS
Stained with haematoxylin and eosin
1 - glandular acinus
2 - islet of Langerhans
3 - main duct
4 - interlobular duct
5 - interlobular connective tissue septa
PANCREAS
Stained with haematoxylin and eosin
1 - acinus
2 - islet of Langerhans
3 - interlobular connective tissue septa
4 - intralobular duct
5 - interlobular duct
PANCREAS
Stained with haematoxylin and eosin
1 - acinus
2 - islet of Langerhans
3 - interlobular connective tissue septa
4 - blood vessels
PANCREAS
Stained with haematoxylin and eosin
1 - acinus
2 - islet of Langerhans
3 - intralobular duct
4 - interlobular connective tissue septa
14) Trachea
 Part of the upper respiratory tract
 Mucosa: ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells (=
typical respiratory epithelium)
 Lamina propria: Loose CT
 Submucosa: containing blood vessels & mucous secreting submucosal glands
 Adventitia: CT
 Hyaline cartilage
 Smooth muscle: trochlealis muscle
 Located near trachea maybe found:
i. Esophagus (with non-keratinized pseudostratified epithelium)
ii. Thyroid tissue
 Muscularis mucosae only found at membranous part
TRACHEA
Stained with haematoxylin and
eosin
1 - tunica mucosa
2 - tunica submucosa
3 - fibro-elastic layer
4 - tunica adventitia
TRACHEA
Stained with haematoxylin and
eosin
1 - tunica mucosa
2 - tunica submucosa
3 - fibro-elastic layer
4 - tunica adventitia
5 - epithelium of the mucosa
6 - lamina propria of the mucosa
7 - lamina muscularis of the mucosa
8 - glands in the tunica submucosa
9 - hyaline cartilage
TRACHEA
Stained with haematoxylin and
eosin
1 - tunica mucosa
2 - tunica submucosa
3 - fibro-elastic layer
5 - epithelium of the mucosa
6 - lamina propria of the mucosa
7 - lamina muscularis of the mucosa
8 - evacuatory ducts of submucosal
glands
9 - hyaline cartilage
15) Lung
 Bronchus:
i. Similar to trachea with respiratory epithelium, cartilage & serous
glands
 Bronchiole:
i. 5 mm or less in diameter
ii. No cartilage or glands but goblet cells
iii. Epithelium turns from ciliated pseudostratified into ciliated simple
columnar/ cuboidal
iv. Contain CLARA cells (no cilia but secretory granules which secrete
protecting proteins)
v. Neuroepithelial bodies (receive cholergic nerve endings)
 Respiratory bronchioles:
i. Transition between conducting & respiratory portion
ii. Similar to bronchioles, Later become alveolar ducts
 Alveoli:
i. Wall: interalveolar septum (wall) consists of 2 Layers of squamous
epithelial cells with CT matrix in between (elastic and reticular fibers)
+ capillaries in alveolar wall
ii. Blood-air barrier:
1. Surface lining & cytoplasm of alveolar wall
2. Basal Lamina
3. Endothelial cells of capillaries
iii. Type I Pneumocytes:
1. 97% of alveolar surface
2. Provide barrier of minimal thickness for gas exchange
3. Spindly cell around capillaries
iv. Type II Pneumocytes:
1. Remaining 3%
2. Rounded cells
3. Contain Lamellar bodies
4. Secrete surfactant (↓surface tension)
v. Dust cells = macrophages of the lung
LUNG
Stained with haematoxylin and
eosin
1 - middle diameter bronchus
2 - epithelium of the mucosa
3 - lamina propria of the mucosa
4 - lamina muscularis of the mucosa
5 - tunica submucosa
6 - fibro-elastic layer
7 - tunica adventitia
8 - alveoli
9 - interstitial connective tissue of
the lung
10 - glands in tunica submucosa
LUNG
Stained with haematoxylin and
eosin
1 - middle diameter bronchus
2 - epithelium of the mucosa
3 - lamina propria of the mucosa
4 - lamina muscularis of the mucosa
5 - tunica submucosa
6 - fibro-elastic layer
7 - tunica adventitia
8 - alveoli
9 - interstitial connective tissue of
the lung
10 - glands in tunica submucosa
LUNG
Stained with haematoxylin and
eosin
1 - middle diameter bronchus
2 - epithelium of the mucosa
3 - lamina propria of the mucosa
4 - lamina muscularis of the mucosa
5 - tunica submucosa
6 - fibro-elastic layer
7 - tunica adventitia
8 - alveoli
9 - interstitial connective tissue of
the lung
10 - glands in tunica submucosa
LUNG
Stained with haematoxylin and
eosin
1 - small diameter bronchus
3 - alveoli
LUNG
Stained with haematoxylin and
eosin
1 - small diameter bronchus
2 - alveoli
3 - epithelium of the mucosa
4 - lamina propria of the mucosa
5 - tunica muscularis propria
6 - tunica adventitia
LUNG
Stained with haematoxylin and
eosin
1 - middle diameter bronchus
2 - epithelium of the mucosa
3 - lamina propria of the mucosa
4 - lamina muscularis of the mucosa
5 - tunica submucosa
6 - fibro-elastic layer
7 - tunica adventitia
10 - glands in tunica submucosa
LUNG
middle diameter bronchus
Stained with haematoxylin and
eosin
2 - epithelium of the mucosa
3 - lamina propria of the mucosa
4 - lamina muscularis of the mucosa
5 - tunica submucosa
6 - fibro-elastic layer
7 - tunica adventitia
NOTE!
There is bronchial system in the lung, from main, or primary, bronchi to bronchioles.
Morphologically, there are only two types of bronches in the lung.


One type is large and middle diameter bronchi. This type of bronchi have tunica submucosa
and fibro-elastic layer.
Another type of bronchi is small diameter bronchi. It includes small bronchi and
bronchioles. This type has not both submucosal fibro-elastic layers.
16) Kidney
 Renal corpuscle
i. Glomerolus
1. Fenestrated epithelium without diaphragms
2. Mesangial cells (receptors for Angiotensin II)
ii. Basal membrane (= filtration barrier between endothelium & Podocytes)
1. Lamina densa (collagen & Laminin)
2. Lamina rara (fibronectin)
iii. Bowman’s capsule
1.