Part II Splanchnology
Chapter 4 The general Description
Part II Splanchnology
Chapter 4 The general Description
I.
The definition and subdivisions of the splanchnology :
alimentary system
respiratory system
urinary system
genital system
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The study of viscera.
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Most of them are situated in the thoracic, abdominal and
pelvic cavities and are associated with the pleura or
peritoneum.
•
It also opened to outside of body directly or indirectly.
II . The main functions of viscera:
• The alimentary system: to ingest foods; secrete enzymes
that modify the sizes of food molecules; absorb the products
of this digestive action and to eliminate the unused residua.
• The respiratory system: to carry out the gass exchanges
--- supply of oxygen for the living cells and remove of carbon
dioxide resulting from cell metabolism.
• The urinary system: to keep the body in homeostasis by
removing and restoring selected amount of water and solutes.
It also excretes selected amount of various wastes.
• The genital system: to produce germ cells and to secrete
some hormones.
III . The general structures of viscera:
1. The tubular organs: The wall of them is formed
by 4 layers. from inside to outside, they are:
• Mucosa (mucous membrane)
--- epithelium
--- lamina propria of mucosa
--- muscular layer of mucosa
--- mucosal folds
--- lymphoid nodule
--- glands of mucosa
• Submucosa
--- glands of submucosa
--- lymphatic tissue of submucosa
• Muscular coats ：
--- inner circular layer
--- outer longitudinal layer
• Serosa or adventitia
2. The parenchymatous organs:
--- a soft, grayish-red or brownish cell mass.
--- fibrous capsule or serous membrane
--- fibrous septum and lobules
--- hilum or porta and root of the viscus
IV. The reference lines and abdominal regions
1. References lines of the thorax:
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•
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Anterior median line
Lateral sternal line
Midclavicular line
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•
Parasternal line
Anterior axillary line
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Midaxillary line
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•
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Posterior axillary line
Scapular line
Paravertebral line
•
Posterior median line
2. Reference lines of abdomen and abdominal regions:
• 2 transverse lines :
subcostal line
transtubercular line
• 2 longitudinal lines:
midinguinal lines
• 9 regions:
epigastric region
umbilical region
pubic (hypogastric) region
right and left hypochondriac regions
right and left lumbar（lateral）regions
right and left inguinal (iliac) regions
2. Reference lines of abdomen and abdominal regions:
• a transverse line through the
umbilicus and a vertical line
in the midline of the body.
• 4 regions: upper right ( RUQ )
upper left ( LUQ )
lower right ( RLQ )
lower left ( LLQ )