The Cold War
COUNTRIES INVOLVED
IN THE COLD WAR
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
THE SOVIET UNION
and its allies
and its allies
CICERO © 2012
2
U.S. Aims versus U.S.S.R Aims
US AIMS
• Create a New World Order in
which all nations had the right
to “Self-Determination
(Wilson).
• Gain access to raw materials
and markets for its industries.
• Rebuild European government
to ensure stability and to
create new markets for
American goods.
• Reunite Germany, believing
that Europe would be more
secure if Germany were
productive.
USSR AIMS
•
•
•
•
Encourage Communism in other countries
as part of the worldwide struggle between
workers and the wealthy.
Rebuild its war ravaged economy using
Eastern Europe’s industrial equipment and
raw materials.
Control Eastern Europe to balance US
influence in Western Europe.
Keep Germany divided and weak so that it
would never again threaten the USSR.
Differences in U.S. and S.U.
• United States:
– Capitalist democracy under
Harry S. Truman
– Free elections
– Freedom of religion
– Private property
• Soviet Union:
– Dictatorship under Joseph
Stalin
– Communism
– Command Economy
– Totalitarian
– No freedom
– No opposition (fear)
Origin of Conflict
THE YALTA CONFERENCE
An agreement between the three countries
that would make Nazi Germany
unconditionally surrender. In addition, the
United States, United Kingdom, Soviet
Union, and France would occupy Berlin
before East and West Germany were reunified with one another.
British Prime Minister Winston
Churchill (left), United States President
Franklin D. Roosevelt (center), and
Soviet leader Joseph Stalin at the Yalta
Conference
CICERO © 2012
5
Iron Curtain
Non• In a speech British Prime
Minister Winston
Churchill referred to the
iron curtain in Europe
• East of the Iron Curtain
was the Soviet Union
setting up communists
states
• To keep the West safe,
the U.S. and other
democracies needed to
stand firm
• Truman agreed
Communist
with help of
GB and US
Communist
under Stalin
THE MARSHALL PLAN
The Marshall Plan was a plan that was
devised by United States Secretary of State
George Marshall. The plan called for a
comprehensive program of economic
assistance for the war-ravaged countries
of Western-Europe.
The United States also offered to aid the
Soviet Union. However, the Soviets later
rejected this plan, saying it was too similar to
dollar imperialism.
The Soviets were also not willing to undergo a comprehensive American
audit of the proposed aid funds. They did not want the Americans to see
the issues with their communist economy.
The map shows the countries in Europe
that received aid from the Marshall Plan.
The red bars show how much aid was
received.
CICERO © 2012
7
The Truman Doctrine
• Truman’s promise to help
aid nations struggling
against communists
movements
– Used containment in
which communism would
be contained where it
already existed
• Set a new trend in U.S.
foreign policy…no longer
neutrality or isolation
A Divided Berlin
• Even though the city of Berlin was in East
Germany (Soviet occupied) the city itself was
divided into East (Soviet) and West Berlin (Allies)
• Stalin cut off traffic to West Berlin…
• Berlin Airlift: Britain and U.S. airlifted supplies to
West Berlin for over a year
– Showed how far the U.S. would go to contain
communism
• Later a wall is constructed to divide East and West
Berlin called the Berlin Wall
Divided Germany and Divided Berlin
NATO
NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization) was founded on April 4,
1949,
by Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France,
Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the
Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the
United Kingdom, and the United States.
NATO’s main goal was an alliance of
these countries to help each other resist
communism.
Another one of the main points of NATO
was that all of the countries involved
considered an attack on one to be an
attack on all.
CICERO © 2012
Flag of NATO
11
NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
• NATO
– North Atlantic Treaty Organization
– Non-communists military alliance
to contain Soviets
– Attack on one is an attack on all
• Warsaw Pact:
– Communist military alliance to
rival NATO
– Attack on one is an attack on
all
THE SOVIET’S FIRST ATOMIC
BOMB
The Soviet Union tested its first atomic
bomb on August 29, 1949.
This made the Soviet Union the second
nuclear power in the world.
The thing that shocked Americans was
that the development of the atomic
weapon came years ahead of when they
thought the Soviets were going to
construct the bomb.
The first Soviet atomic bomb, Joe 1, explodes in
Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan, on August 29, 1949.
CICERO © 2012
13
An Arm’s Race
• Russia has atomic bombs…now
U.S. is not the only one
• Nikita Khrushchev comes to
power after Stalin’s death
• Hydrogen bomb was being
perfected in U.S. and would be
1,000 times more powerful than
a-bomb
• S.U. and U.S. began build up
powerful nuclear weapons that
could destroy the other hoping to
keep the Cold War “cold”
The People’s Republic of China
• Mao Zedong created
communist China
regardless of American
attempts to prevent it
• Now communism
controlled a large
population and large land
mass…worried the U.S.
THE KOREAN WAR
The Korean War began on June 25, 1950.
The communist North Korea was
attempted to exert its influence in South
Korea during South Korea’s free
elections in May 1950. When communist
leaders were not elected, the North
Koreans were angry, demanding that the
South Koreans have another election.
When the South Koreans refused, the
army of North Korea launched an attack
on South Korea.
Both the US, China, and Soviet Union
became involved in this conflict, as it
become part of the Cold War.
CICERO © 2012
American trucks cross the 38th Parallel
in Korea
16
END OF THE KOREAN WAR
. India had proposed a ceasefire to the United
Nations for North and South Korea.
It was put into action on July 27, 1953. A
demilitarized zone was established behind the
front lines.
While both North Korea and the United States signed
the truce agreement, South Korea refused to sign the
document.
Graphic shows how territory
changed hands in the early
part of the Korean War
CICERO © 2012
17
Effects of Korean War
• Nothing changed: Korea was still divided,
communist and noncommunist
• Increased military spending
• Use of troops without congressional approval
becomes a trend for Presidents
• Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO): a
defensive alliance aimed at preventing the
spread of communism in Asia
The Cold War In Space
• 1957: Soviet Union
launched a satellite into
space called Sputnik…
• threatened U.S. superiority
government created NASA
to conduct space related
research and
experiments…now U.S. and
S.U. are fighting a space
race
CUBAN REVOLUTION
The Cuban Revolution was the revolt that resulted
in the rise of Fidel Castro to power in Cuba.
Batista, who was supported by the United
States, was overthrown on January 1, 1959 by a
group known as the 26th of July Movement.
Soon, Cuba’s new communist leaders became
allied with the Soviet Union.
Fidel Castro in 1959
CICERO © 2012
20
BAY OF PIGS INVASION
The Bay of Pigs Invasion occurred between
April 15–19, 1961. It was an unsuccessful
attempted invasion by Cuban exiles, headed
by the CIA. They were attempting to
overthrow the government of Fidel Castro.
It made Cuba’s Fidel Castro become very
concerned about the relationship between the
United States and Cuba.
The poster warns of the pending
invasion of the Bay of Pigs
CICERO © 2012
21
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
The Soviets had been secretly installing
military bases on the island of Cuba,
In 1962, photographs revealed these bases
appeared to have nuclear weapons.
President John F. Kennedy ordered a
“quarantine” of the island, which sparked a
thirteen-day conflict that brought the United
States and the Soviet Union close to nuclear
war. In the end, the Soviets backed down and
agreed to withdraw their nuclear missiles
from Cuba,
President Kennedy talks with his Cabinet
in a meeting during the Cuban Missile
Crisis.
CICERO © 2012
In exchange for a secret agreement by
Kennedy guaranteeing that the United States
would not move against the Castro and
would remove nuclear weapons from Turkey.
22