Medical Terminology
Genitourinary System
Chapter 12
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Anatomy and Physiology
 Structures
 two
kidneys, two ureters, bladder, urethra
 monitors,
 excretes
regulates extracellular fluids
harmful substances in urine
 nitrogenous
 returns
wastes (urea)
useful substances to bloodstream
 maintain
balance of water, electrolytes
(salts), acids, pH in the body fluids
2
Macroscopic Structures
 ren/o
and nephr/o
 cortex, medulla
 renal artery, renal vein
 renal pelvis
 ureter
 urethra
3
Excretion
 urination
 micturition
 voiding
4
Microscopic Structures
 nephron
 glomerulus
glomerul/o
 renal pelvis pyel/
 filtration,
reabsorption,
secretion
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Formation of Urine
 blood
filtered to
glomerulus
 capillary walls thin
 blood pressure higher
inside capillaries than
in Bowman’s capsule
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Formation of Urine
 causes
filtration of
fluid into capsule
 this fluid is initial
urine and equivalent
to protein free plasma
7
Formation of Urine
 in
healthy nephron, neither protein nor
RBCs filter into capsule
 in proximal tubule, most of nutrients and
large amount of water reabsorbed back to
capillaries
 salts selectively reabsorbed according to
body’s needs
 water reabsorbed with salts
8
Formation of Urine
 nitrogen-containing
waste products of
protein metabolism, urea and creatinine,
pass on through tubules to be excreted in
urine
 urine from all collecting ducts empties into
renal pelvis
 urine moves down ureters to bladder
 empties via urethra
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 An
obstruction along this path
can set the stage for infection.
Obstruction may be kidney
stone; enlarged prostate gland;
or tumor.
 Any blockage causes stasis
and diminished flow of urine,
and bacteria thrive in the
stagnant fluid
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Male Reproductive System
 Functions
 produce
sperm
 transport viable sperm
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 Testes
or testicles
 seminiferous
 produce
 secrete
tubules
sperm
testosterone
 Scrotum
or scrotal sac
 epididymis
 stores
sperm
 vas
deferens
 ejaculatory duct
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Urethra and Penis
 Urethra
is the common reproductive and
urinary channel
 Penis is the male sex organ that transports
sperm into the female vagina
 glans
penis covered by prepuce or foreskin
 prepuce or foreskin removed during
circumcision
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Pathology of the Urinary System
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Pyelonephritis
 caused
by pyogenic E. coli, Streptocci,
Staphylococci
 infections usually ascend that originate in
lower tract or may be descending infection
carried by bloodstream or lymph
 any obstruction paves way for infection due
to stagnation of urine
 bacteriuria, pyuria, hematuria
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Acute Glomerulonephritis
 common,
children and young adults
 often from previous streptococcal infection;
strep throat, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever.
 chills, fever, anorexia, malaise, edema
 albuminuria, hematuria, casts often present
 a degenerative inflammation of glomeruli
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 Glomerular
 permeable,
 May
membrane inflammed
proteinuria, casts
have repeated episodes called
 chronic
glomerulonephritis
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Nephrolithiasis
 Dissolved
urine salts begin to solidify
 asymptomatic
 size
increase may result in obstruction
 intense radiating pain from kidney area to
groin - colic
 stone may block flow of urine
 hydronephrosis
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Nephrolithiasis
 can
be partially dissolved by medication then
passed
 may be crushed by lithotripsy
 if
immersed in water - hydrolithotripsy
 if performed out of water - nephrotripsy
 nephrolith,
nephrolithiasis, ureterolith, cystolith
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Bladder Neck Obstruction
 Blockage
of bladder outlet
 causes
 prostatic
hypertrophy
 calculus, blood clot, tumor
 cystitis
20
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
 Prostate
enlarges and decreases size of
urethral lumen
 Retained urine - cystitis - nephritis
 transurethral resection (TURP)
21
Acute Tubular Necrosis
 Ischemia,
Nephrotoxic injury
 oliguria
 hypercalcemia
22
Carcinoma of the Prostate
 dysuria,
frequency, hematuria
 bilateral orchiectomy
23
End of Chapter 12
Chapter 9
Genitourinary System
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