THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
RESPIRATION
• ENERGY-RELEASING PROCESS THAT
IS FUELED BY OXYGEN
• YOU BREATHE 6 LITERS PER MINUTE
• REMOVES THE WASTE PRODUCT
CARBON DIOXIDE
NOSE AND THROAT
• AIR ENTERS THROUGH NOSTRILS –
OPENINGS IN THE NOSE
• IT FLOWS TO THE NASAL CAVITY
– HEATED BY BLOOD VESSELS
– MUCUS MOISTENS THE AIR AND TRAPS
DUST PARTICLES AND MICROSCOPIC
ORGANISMS
• A FRESH BATCH OF MUCUS IS
PRODUCED EVERY 20 MINUTES
• CILIA PUSH OLD MUCUS TOWARD
THE ESOPHAGUS AND INTO THE
STOMACH
– HYDROCHLORIC ACID DESTROYS
MANY BACTERIA TRAPPED IN THE
MUCUS
SNEEZE
SOME PARTICLES NEVER MAKE IT
PAST THE NOSE BECAUSE THEY ARE
SNEEZED OUT
EPIGLOTTIS
SMALL FLAP OF TISSUE THAT CLOSES
OVER THE ENTRANCE OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM WHEN FOOD
AND WATER ARE INGESTED
EPIGLOTTIS
TRACHEA
• KNOWN AS THE WINDPIPE
• BUMPS ARE RINGS OF CARTILAGE
– FLEXIBLE SO YOU CAN BEND YOUR
NECK
– RIGID TO KEEP THE AIR PASSAGE OPEN
– HELD TOGETHER BY SMOOTH MUSCLE
THAT ENABLES THE DIAMETER TO BE
CHANGED
• MUCUS TRAPS PARTICLES AND
BACTERIA THAT MANAGE TO GET
PAST THE NOSE
– SWEPT OUT OF TRACHEA AND UP TO
THE MOUTH OR NOSE BY CILIA
– IF PARTICLES COLLECT – YOU COUGH
LARYNX
• VOICE BOX – LOCATED AT TOP OF
TRACHEA
• MADE OF CARTILAGE THAT JETS
OUT OF THE NECK (ADAM’S APPLE)
– LARGER IN MALES BECAUSE THEY
GENERALLY HAVE LESS FAT
MRI OF LARYNX
VOCAL CORDS
• TWO SMALL FOLDS OF TISSUE THAT
STRETCH ACROSS THE LARYNX
• MUSCLES TIGHTEN TO NARROW THE
SLIT BETWEEN THEM
• RUSHING AIR MAKES THEM
VIBRATE
– HIGH VOICE – TIGHTER CORDSVIBRATE RAPIDLY
– LOW VOICE – MORE RELAXED –
VIBRATE MORE SLOWLY
VOCAL CORDS
PITCH IS DETERMINED BY SIZE OF
LARYNX AND LENGTH OF VOCAL
CORDS
TONGUE, LIPS, AND TEETH PLUS THE
VIBRATION IN THE NASAL CAVITY
GIVE YOUR VOICE A SPECIAL
QUALITY
LUNGS
BRONCHI
TWO TUBES THAT BRANCH OFF OF
THE TRACHEA INTO EACH LUNG
WINDPIPE
LARYNX
BRONCHI
LUNGS
• MAIN ORGAN OF RESPIRATION
• BRONCHI CONTINUE TO DIVIDE IN
THEM
ALVEOLI
• SACS AT ENDS OF THE BRONCHIAL
TUBES
• GATEWAYS FOR OXYGEN INTO THE
BODY
• 600 MILLION IN LUNGS SURROUNDED BY
CAPILLARIES
• AS AIR ENTERS THE ALVEOLI, OXYGEN
SEEPS THROUGH THE THIN WALLS INTO
SURROUNDING CAPILLARIES
• BLOOD CARRIES IT THROUGHOUT THE
BODY
• CARBON DIOXIDE IS EXCHANGED IN THE
SAME WAY
• 2400 KILOMETERS OF AIRWAYS FIT
INTO THE CHEST CAVITY
– CARBON DIOXIDE AND OXYGEN IS
EXCHANGED IN A FEW SECONDS
BREATHE
YOU BREATHE ABOUT 1 LITER OF AIR
EVERY 10 SECONDS AT REST
DIAPHRAGM
• DOME-SHAPED MUSCLE
• CONTRACTS TO BREATHE IN
– ALLOWS CHEST TO EXPAND
– EXPANSION ALLOWS MORE ROOM FOR
AIR IN YOUR LUNGS
– AIR PRESSURE INSIDE DECREASES
ALLOWING AIR TO RUSH IN FROM
OUTSIDE
• EXHALE – DIAPHRAGM RETURNS TO
NORMAL
– SPACE DECREASES IN CHEST CAVITY
– AIR PRESSURE INCREASES
– AIR IS FORCED OUT
THE DIAPHRAGM CAN BE
CONTROLLED OR WORK
AUTOMATICALLY
HICCUP
• DIAPHRAGM BECOMES IRRITATED –
THE VOCAL CORDS SNAP SHUT
• INCREASED LEVELS OF CARBON
DIOXIDE WILL CAUSE
INVOLUNTARY CONTRACTIONS TO
STOP
– STOPS THE HICCUPS
THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM
EXCRETION
PROCESS IN WHICH WASTE IS
REMOVED FROM THE BODY
THE KIDNEYS
• ACT AS BODY’S FILTER – REMOVES
WASTE AND POISONS FROM THE
BLOOD
• REDDISH BROWN AND SHAPED LIKE
KIDNEY BEANS
• ONE KIDNEY ON EACH SIDE OF
SPINAL COLUMN JUST ABOVE THE
WAIST
• 1 LITER OF BLOOD IS RECEIVED
EACH MINUTE
UREA
NITROGEN WASTE FILTERED OUT OF
THE BLOOD BY THE KIDNEYS
PARTS OF THE KIDNEY
•
NEPHRON
• WHERE ACTUAL FILTERING TAKES
PLACE
• MILLIONS OF CHEMICAL FILTERING
FACTORIES
CAPSULE
CAPSULE
• CUP-SHAPED PART OF THE NEPHRON
• CARRIES FILTERED MATERIALS TO
TINY TWISTING TUBE
– MOST NUTRIENTS, SALTS AND WATER
ARE REABSORBED
– LIQUID REMAINING IS URINE
– URINE IS 90% WATER
IF THE BODY DID NOT REABSORB
MOST OF THE NUTRIENTS, SALTS
AND WATER IT WOULD DIE
URETER
• THE NARROW TUBE THAT
CONNECTS THE KIDNEYS TO THE
URINARY BLADDER
• YOU HAVE TWO URETERS – ONE
FROM EACH KIDNEY TO THE
BLADDER
URINARY BLADDER
MUSCULAR SAC THAT STORES URINE
BEFORE IT IS RELEASED
URINARY BLADDER
BLADDER STONE
URETHRA
CONNECTS URINARY BLADDER TO
THE BODY EXIT
OTHER EXCRETORY
ORGANS
LIVER
• REMOVES WASTE FROM THE BODY
• REMOVES EXCESS AMINO ACIDS –
FORMS UREA
• CONVERTS HEMOGLOBIN FROM
WORN-OUT RED BLOOD CELLS INTO
BILE
– BILE REMOVES AND DIGESTS MOST
BACTERIA THAT ENTER FROM THE
LARGE INTESTINE
SKIN
• 1.5 TO 2 SQUARE METERS – IT IS THE
LARGEST ORGAN
• 0.5 TO 6 MILLIMETERS IN THICKNESS
EPIDERMIS
• TOP LAYER
• DEAD, FLATTENED CELLS THAT ARE
CONSTANTLY SHED
• INNERMOST LAYER CONTAINS
LIVING, ACTIVE CELLS THAT
PRODUCE MORE CELLS
• NO NERVES OR BLOOD VESSELS
DERMIS
• BOTTOM LAYER
• CONTAINS NERVES AND BLOOD
VESSELS
• THICKER THAN EPIDERMIS
• CONTAINS SMALL FINGERLIKE
STRUCTURES – EPIDERMIS ON TOP
CREATES RIDGES
– RIDGES ARE FINGERPRINTS
• SKIN ALSO CONTAINS HAIR, NAILS,
SWEAT AND OIL GLANDS
– HAIR AND NAILS ARE FORMED FROM
SKIN CELLS THAT ARE FILLED WITH A
TOUGH, FIBER-LIKE PROTEIN AND
THEN DIE
SWEAT OR PERSPIRATION
WASTE EXCRETED THROUGH THE
SKIN
SWEAT GLANDS
• COILED TUBES CONNECTED TO
PORES
– HELP BODY GET RID OF EXCESS SALT,
UREA AND ABOUT 0.5 LITERS OF
WATER EVERY DAY
• THIS COMBINATION IS KNOWN AS SWEAT
OR PERSPIRATION
• SWEAT NOT ONLY RIDS THE BODY
OF WASTES, IT HELPS REGULATE
THE BODY TEMPERATURE
– EVAPORATES FROM THE BODY’S
SURFACE
• STRENUOUS EXERCISE – 10 LITERS IN 24
HOURS