Grains
Chapter30
How many types of grains
can you name?
Types of Grains
•
Wheat, rice, corn, oats, barley, millet, rye,
and wild rice.
What is a Grain?
•
Grains are a versatile, nutritious, and flavourful
addition to meals and an economical way to stretch a
food budget.
•
Grains are plants in the grass family cultivated for
their fruits or seeds.
•
Grains produce many small, separate, dry fruits called
kernels, which are harvested and processed for food.
Grain Kernel
Grain Kernel
•
The bran is the edible, outer layer of the kernel.
•
The endosperm is the largest part of the kernel,
which is made of proteins and starches that
supply the plant with food.
•
The germ is the seed that grows into a new plant.
•
Some grains are covered with an inedible outer
coat called the hull which is removed after
harvesting.
Nutrients in Grains
•
Endosperm consists of mostly complex
carbohydrates and proteins.
•
The bran contains dietary fiber, B vitamins, and
minerals
•
The germ provides proteins, unsaturated fats, B
vitamins, vitamin E, iron, zinc, other minerals and
phytochemicals.
Processing of Grains
•
Whole-grain products including whole wheat
flour and whole grain cereals are made of the
entire kernel and so it contains the most
nutrients.
•
Grains’ bran and germ are often removed during
processing leaving only the endosperm.
•
The bran and germ contain most of the nutrients
so the federal law requires some of the nutrients
to be replaced.
•
Replacing nutrients during processing is called
enrichment.
Wheat
•
Wheat is one of the oldest cereal grains. Most bread and
pasta is made with wheat.
•
Other grain products made from wheat or other grains:
o Wheat Berries
o Buck Wheat
o Bulgur
o Couscous
o Cracked Wheat
o Kasha
o Quinoa
o Spelt
Rice
•
Rice is the starchy seed of plants which are grown
in flooded fields in warm climates.
•
Rice is often described by the length of its grain.
Each type of rice has a different purpose
o
Long Grain Rice- Most common rice used in the
U.S. for side dishes
o
Medium Grain Rice-Works well for puddings
o
Short Grain Rice- Used for creamy dishes.
Rice Processing
•
Rice is processed in several ways yielding products
with different colors, textures, and nutritional values
o Enriched
Rice-White rice has its bran and
germ removed.
o Brown Rice- Only has the hull removed.
o Converted Rice-Steamed under pressure before
hull is removed. Is enriched
for
nutrients
o Instant Rice- Pre cooked and dehydrated before
packaging.
Corn
•
Corn is the most popular food plant in the world
and the most widely grown crop in the U.S.
o
o
o
Grits- Dried kernels with the hull and germ removed.
This is served as a side dish or in casseroles.
Cornmeal- Ground and dried corn kernels. Used to
make cornbread and polenta.
Cornstarch- The endosperm ground into a fine flour.
Used as a thickening agent for sauces.
Oats
•
Most of the oat grain produced in the world is used to
feed live stock.
•
Usually in North American Oats are eaten as a hot
breakfast cereal.
•
Oats contain a considerable amount of nutrients and
dietary fiber.
Review
•
What are the three parts of a grain kernel?
•
How does processing affect the nutritional value?
•
How is rice named?