Renewable Energy
Technologies (Wind Energy)
Presented by
Salman Nazir
Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind
Prospects
1
Presentation Highlights
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Introduction to Renewable Resources Pvt Limited
Need to Introduce Renewable Energies in Power
sector (Introduction of RE)
Global Wind Market
Potential to work in wind Sector-Pakistan
History of Wind Turbine
Wind Energy Basics
Wind Turbine Classification
Wind Resource Assessment/Wind Measurement
Wind Data Analysis/Energy Yield Estimation
Electrical Study
of RE & Wind
Q&A SessionSection-1: Introduction
2
Prospects
Introduction
(Services of RE2 for RE project developers)
• Renewable Resources (Pvt.) Ltd (RE2) is a
consulting company provides end to end solutions
in RE sector, EE and Environment
• RE2 is local Partner of Lahmeyer International
• RE2 undertakes the project development including
feasibility studies, policy Framework, financial
consulting, permits and approvals, overseeing EPC
activities etc
• RE2 is engaged as Lenders Engineer for Banks
(ADB, OPIC, NB, HBL) and Owners Engineer with
companies (Fauji Foundation, Fauji Fertilizers,
Three Gorgies First Wind Farm, Tapal Power,
United Power (Operating BP in Pakistan)
Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind
Prospects
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Our Major Projects
• 10 MW Solar Power Project of Roshan Power-A
Beacon house Project
• 02 MW Solar Power Project of 1st Solar
• Development of Micro Finance System for MFIs / DFIs
to support Off-Grid Solar PV Applications – A Project of
Enercon
• 50 MW Wind Power Project of Three Gorges First
Wind Farm Pakistan Pvt. Ltd)
• 100 MW Wind Power Project of United Energy
Pakistan Limited
• 50 WM Wind Power Project of Hawa Energy Private
Limited
• 50 MW Coal Power Project in Punjab of Malakwal
Power- A Project of Beacon house Group
Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind
Prospects
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Our Projects
CONT…
• 05 MW Wind Project of Albario Energy in
Sindh, Pakistan).
• 30 MW Wind Project of Tapal Wind Energy
Ltd in Sindh, Pakistan
• Regional Wind Resource Assessment in
Kalar Kahar.
• Promoting Sustainable Energy Production
and Use of Biomass in Pakistan – A Project
of WINROCK / UNIDO
Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind
Prospects
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Need of RE
Current Energy Statistics and
Wind Market
Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind
Prospects
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Oil Price(USD/Barrel)
140
120
USD/Barrel
100
80
60
40
20
0
Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind
Prospects
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High Speed Diesel Price in Pakistan
(2001-2011)
90
80
60
197.5%
50
40
30
20
10
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
0
2001
Price (PKR/Litre)
70
Years
Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind
Prospects
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Tariffs from NEPRA (2012)
Upfront – Wind (RE Tech)
US¢14.72/kWh
TGF –Wind (RE Tech)
US¢13.99/kWh
165 MW Attock Gen Power Project-Furnace Oil
US¢26.92/kWh
209 MW Halmore Power Generation Co Limited-Diesel Oil
US¢37.16/kWh
202 MW gas based power Project of Foundation Power
Company Daharki Sindh-Natural Gas
US¢15.14/kWh
Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind
Prospects
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Tariff (2012)
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind
Prospects
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What to Do Then if ??
Go for Natural Energy Sources (RE
Sources)
Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind
Prospects
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Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind
Prospects
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Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind
Prospects
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Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind
Prospects
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Wind Power: Vision and Current Development in Pakistan
Alternate Energy Development Board (AEDB)
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Promotion, Encouragement and Development of RE
One window service for investor
Transfer of technology and expertise
Established in 2003
Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind
Prospects
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Wind Power: Vision and Current Development in Pakistan
Policy for Development of Renewable Energy for Power
Generation, 2006
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Grid Access on doorstep provided by power purchaser
100% Purchase guarantee
100% Grid Availability
No customs duty on import of Generation equipment
Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind
Prospects
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Wind Power: Vision and Current Development in Pakistan
National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA)
• Grid Code Addendum for Wind Power
• Ease of grid integration
Central Power Purchasing Authority (CPPA)
• Energy Purchase Agreement for Wind Power
• Operating Procedure
• Compensation
• Security
Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind
Prospects
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Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind
Prospects
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Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind
Prospects
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Wind Power: Vision and Current Development in Pakistan
50 MW Project, WTG Erection
Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind
Prospects
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Section-1: Introduction of RE & Wind
Prospects
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HISTORY OF WIND
TURBINE
Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology
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History of Wind Turbine
Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology
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• The era of wind electric generators began
close to 1900’s.
• The first modern wind turbine, specifically
designed for electricity generation, was
constructed in Denmark in 1890
• The first utility-scale system was installed in
Russia in 1931. A 100 kW turbine was
installed on the Caspian sea shore, which
worked for two years and generated about
20,000 kW electricity.
Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology
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Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology
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Wind Power: Global Overview
Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology
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Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology
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Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology
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Wind Energy Basic
Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology
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Main Parts
1. Rotor
2. Nacelle
3. Tower
4. Foundation
5. Substation
Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology
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Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology
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Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology
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• Energy available in wind is the kinetic energy
of air masses moving over the earth’s
surface.
• Wind turbine blades receive this kinetic
energy and transform to mechanical.
• Mechancial energy is converted to electrical
forms.
• Conversion efficiency of converting wind to
other useful energy forms greatly depends on
the efficiency of rotor interaction with the wind
stream and efficiency of electrical generator.
Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology
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Power Curve
Where
m = mass of air
V = Velocity of air
Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology
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Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology
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Where
V = Velocity of air
ᵽa=air density
AT = Cross sectional area of rotor
Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology
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• A turbine cannot extract this power completely from the wind.
When the wind stream passes the turbine, a part of its kinetic
energy is transferred to the rotor and the air leaving the
turbine carries the rest away.
• Actual power produced by a rotor would thus be decided by
the efficiency with which this energy transfer from wind to the
rotor takes place.
• This efficiency is usually termed as the power coefficient (Cp).
• Thus, the power coefficient of the rotor can be defined as the
ratio of actual power developed by the rotor to the theoretical
power available in the wind.
Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology
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Where
PT= Power Produced by Turbine Rotor
Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology
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Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology
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Thrust Curve Curve
• The thrust force experienced by the rotor
(F) can be expressed as
• Hence we can represent the rotor torque (T)
as
Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology
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• This is the maximum theoretical torque
and in practice the rotor shaft can develop
only a fraction of this maximum limit.
• The ratio between the actual torque
developed by the rotor and the theoretical
torque is termed as the torque coefficient
Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology
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Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology
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Wind Turbine Classification
• Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
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Most Commercially used design
Higher power coefficient
Low cut in wind speed
Complicated design
Yaw drive arrangement required.
Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology
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Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology
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Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology
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Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology
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Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology
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• No Yaw arrangement required.
• Gear box and Generator can be
accommodated at ground
• Low maintenance cost.
• Usually not self starting
• Low turbine efficiency.
• Chances of high rotational speed and
structure breakage.
Section 2: Wind Turbine Technology
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Wind Resource Assessment
Section 3: Wind Measurement
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Wind Resource Assessment (Basics)
• What is Wind Resource Assessment?
• What are basic parameters of Wind Resource Assessment
• Wind Speed
• Wind Direction
• Air Density
• Temperature
• What is importance of Wind Data?
• Wind measuring Equipment
Section 3: Wind Measurement
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Wind Resource Assessment (Key Steps)
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Investigation of Measurement Station
Wind Data Analysis
Micrositing
Energy Yield Estimation
Section 3: Wind Measurement
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Measurement Equipment
Section 3: Wind Measurement
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Section 3: Wind Measurement
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Section 3: Wind Measurement
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3 CUP Anemometer
Section 3: Wind Measurement
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Sensor type
Applications
Sensor range
Transfer function
Accuracy
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
3-cup anemometer
wind resource assessment
meteorological studies
environmental monitoring
1 m/s to 96 m/s (2.2 mph to
214 mph) (highest recorded)
OUTPUT SIGNAL
m/s = (Hz x 0.765) + 0.35 [miles
per hour = (Hz x 1.711) + 0.78]
within 0.1 m/s (0.2 mph) for
the range 5 m/s to 25 m/s (11
mph to 55 mph)
Calibration
calibrated version available
Swept diameter of rotor
190 mm (7.5 inches)
Section 3: Wind Measurement
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Wind Direction Vane
Section 3: Wind Measurement
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Temperature Sensor
Section 3: Wind Measurement
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DESCRIPTION
Sensor type
integrated circuit temperature sensor
with six plate radiation shield
Applications
wind resource assessment
meteorological studies
environmental monitoring
Sensor range
-40 °C to 52.5 °C (-40 °F to 126.5 °F)
OUTPUT SIGNAL
Transfer function
Temp = (Voltage x 55.55) – 86.38 °C
[Temp = (Voltage x 100) – 123.5 °F]
Accuracy
offset is +/- 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) maximum
nonlinearity is +/- 0.33 °C (+/- 0.6 °F)
maximum
total error +/- 1.1 °C (2 °F)
RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS
Thermal time constant
10 minutes
Section 3: Wind Measurement
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Data Logger
Section 3: Wind Measurement
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Sampling interval
Averaging interval
Real time clock
DATA COLLECTION
2 seconds
10 minute fixed
internal battery-backed with leap year
correction,
Storage medium
16 MB MultiMedia Card (MMC), nonvolatile FLASH
Maximum data storage
Parameters recorded for each
channel
664 days
each data interval is time-stamped
average
standard deviation
min
max
Data delivery
MMC cards
internet email via GSM, AMPS or dialup with optional iPack
Section 3: Wind Measurement
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Data Analysis
Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy
Estimation
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Wind Resource Assessment (Data Analysis)
Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy
Estimation
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Wind Resource Assessment (Data Analysis)
Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy
Estimation
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Wind Resource Assessment (Data Analysis)
Accuracy Verification of Data:
• Correlation with other data sets from area
Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy
Estimation
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Wind Resource Assessment (Data Analysis)
Accuracy Verification of Data: (Long Term Analysis)
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1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 10 1 4
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Babarband_v80 _mean [m/s]
Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy
Estimation
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2008
2009
2010
LTC WITH HYDRABAD
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2011
Energy Yield Estimation
Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy
Estimation
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Energy Yield Analysis
• Determine Energy Production (kWh)
• Plant specific parameters such as capacity factor
• Required by:
• Project company
• Financial assessment
• Project lenders
• Risk / Financial assessment
• Power Purchaser
• Planning / Forecasting
• Determination of Energy Price from Plant
Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy
Estimation
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Energy Yield Analysis (Components)
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Topographic Effects
Wind Resource
Micrositing
Generator
• Renowned Tools
• WAsP (Wind Analysis & Simulation Programing)
• Wind Pro
• Wind Farmer
Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy
Estimation
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Energy Yield Analysis
• Production (kWh) dependent upon:
• Wind resource
• Wind Turbine Generator
• Siting of Wind Turbines
Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy
Estimation
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Energy Yield Analysis
Micrositing Example:
4.8 MW, 3 x 1.6 MW, GE WTG
5 MW, 2 x 2.5 MW, Nordex WTG
Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy
Estimation
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Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy
Estimation
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Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy
Estimation
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Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy
Estimation
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Energy Yield Analysis
Major Losses:
• Array Loss
• Turbine Availability
• Electrical Losses
• Blade degradation
• Substation unavailability
Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy
Estimation
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Energy Yield Analysis
Type of Turbine
GE 1.6-82.5
NORDEX N100
1,600
3
4800
80
82.5
19,083.0
2,500
2
5000
80
100
19,492.00
3.14%
18,484
2.05%
19,092
Other Losses [%]
Net Output [MWh/a]
Rotor area per WTG [m2]
Rotor area, sum [m2]
Specific Energy Production [kWh/a/m2]
5.74%
17,422.4
5,346
16,037
1,086
5.74%
17,996.1
7,854
15,708
1,146
Full load hours [h/a]
Capacity Factor [%]
3,630
41.43%
3,599
40.09%
Turbine Capacity [kW]
Number of WTG [-]
Installed Park Capacity [kW]
Hub Height [m]
Rotor Diameter [m]
Gross Energy Production [MWh/a]
Losses [%]
Wake Reduced Power [MWh/a]
Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy
Estimation
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Energy Yield Analysis
Uncertainty:
• Calibration
• Mounting
• Anemometer selection
• Adjustment (internal)
• Long term correlation
Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy
Estimation
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Electrical Study
Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy
Estimation
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Integration of Wind Power in Electric Grid
Objectives:
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Reliability
Dependability
Safety
Security
Economic
Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy
Estimation
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New plant
Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy
Estimation
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Integration of Wind Power in Electric Grid
Analysis / Studies:
• Load Flow
• Steady State condition
• Contingency Analysis
• Voltages, Current flows, Real and Reactive Power flows
Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy
Estimation
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Integration of Wind Power in Electric Grid
Analysis / Studies:
• Short Circuit
• Current flows under fault conditions
• Max SC levels
• Identify need for upgrading breakers etc.
• Min SC levels
• Identify reduction in network strength  PQ issues
Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy
Estimation
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Integration of Wind Power in Electric Grid
Analysis / Studies:
• Dynamic / Transient
• Time varying nature of Wind Power
• Voltage changes  check impact on excitation of
other generation
• Response of bus voltages in event of fault
• Impact on frequency
• Power recovery of Wind Farm after fault clearance (LVRT)
Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy
Estimation
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Integration of Wind Power in Electric Grid
Analysis / Studies:
• Power Quality
• Voltage unbalance
• Flicker
• Harmonics
• Governed by grid code
Section 4: Wind Data Analysis & Energy
Estimation
84
Profession involved in Wind Power / RE
• Engineer
• Non - Engineer
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Q & A Session
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