Chapter 9 The High Middle Ages 1050-1450 Royal Power Kings were heads of society Had limited power–relied on vassals for military support Church & nobles had just as much power Each collected their own taxes Each had own courts Each had own army Kings centralize power Royal courts Government bureaucracy – hired middle-class workers Taxes – merchants paid for protection Built armies – used tax money to hire mercenaries Strengthened ties to middle class Protected roads Reduced tolls Freed them from feudal obligations Royal power in England Edward the Confessor – died without an heir Harold of Wessex & William, Duke of Normandy claimed the crown 1066: The Battle of Hastings William the Conqueror William the Conqueror Grants land to Church & Norman lords Kept large amount for himself All vassals had to swear allegiance to William Domesday Book A complete census – listed everything of value in England Other Kings of England Henry I – created the Royal Exchequer Replaced nobles with paid officials Nobles pay taxes with money not military service Other Kings of England Henry II- one of England’s great kings Made royal law the law of the land Created royal judges – circuit court system Decisions became English Common Law The law the same for everyone Created the grand jury system & trial jury Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury Henry II wanted to try clergy in royal courts 1170 Becket murdered Created power struggle between monarchs of England & church King John Very greedy, cruel, untrustworthy, & incompetent warrior Loses most of England’s land in France to Philip II Becomes known as John Softsword Dispute with Pope Innocent III - John excommunicated Forced England to become a papal fief – pay annual fee to pope Magna Carta – Great Charter 1215 John forced to sign by group of nobles Limited king’s power No imprisonment without judge by peers Right to face accuser King must obey laws No taxation without consent Become the basis for the U.S. Constitution The Great Council By 1200s evolves into Parliament 1295 – Edward I summons Parliament – wanted money for wars in France Model Parliament – sets up frame work for English legislature House of Lords House of Commons “Power of the Purse” England now a limited monarchy France Early French kings – very little power 987- Hugh Capet – Count of Paris – start of absolute monarchy in France Capetians ruled for next 300 years Slowly Capet & his heirs increased power Won support of Church Played nobles against each other Built effective bureaucracy Gained support of middle class Philip II – Philip Augustus Paid government workers – all middle class Created new national taxes Organized standing army Used trickery, war and diplomacy to increased lands Louis IX Declared a saint by Catholic Church A model monarch Noble, Generous, Devoted to justice Persecuted heretics and Jews Fought against Muslims Ended serfdom Expanded royal courts Philip IV Clashed with Pope Boniface VIII over taxing of the clergy in France Sent troops to capture the pope Pope escaped but was badly beaten and died shortly Gained support of the people through the Estates General Persecuted the Order of the Knights Templar – April 13, 1307 – Friday the 13th Babylonian Captivity A 67 year period when the pope lived in Avignon, France Philip IV got College of Cardinals to elect a French archbishop pope New pope called Clement V Moved the papacy to Avignon, France Popes became viewed as pawns of French kings Holy Roman Empire 936 – Otto I took the title of king of Germany Close to Church – appointed bishops & abbots to high government jobs Gained the right of lay investiture Defeated the Magyars – Battle of Lechfield Pope crowned him Emperor of the Romans Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Emperor could have been strongest monarchy in Europe Claimed authority over most of central & eastern Europe, parts of Italy & France Elected monarch not hereditary Control really in the hands of the emperor’s vassals Emperor needed to control nobles Holy Roman Empire Emperors thought they were protectors of Italy & pope Constantly interfering in Italian affairs Wanted to control rich cities of northern Italy Results: conflict between emperors and popes over lay investiture – appointing of church officials by a lay person Holy Roman Empire Gregory VII – 1073 – issue erupted Wanted the Church to be independent of secular rulers Said only the pope could appoint & install bishops Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV refused to agree 1076 Pope excommunicates Henry IV Henry IV forced to beg forgiveness Holy Roman Empire 1122- issue settled with the Concordat of Worms Church sole power to elect & invest bishops Emperor had the right to invest them with their fief Holy Roman Empire Frederick I – Frederick Barbarossa tried & failed to gain control of Italy Defeated by the Lombard League Holy Roman Empire Frederick II – also tried to control Italy Spent most of his time in Italy Result: nobles within Holy Roman Empire grew independent & Germany will remain fragmented (united in mid 1800s) Catholic Church Pope Innocent III – Pope in 1198 Claimed supremacy over all rulers Clashed with all the powerful rulers of his day With help of Philip II of France launched a crusade against the Albigensians of southern France – tens of thousands killed After his death the power of the popes starts to decline The Crusades Byzantine Emperor – Alexius I asked pope Urban II for help Seljuk Turks – new converts to Islam had invaded Constantinople and the Holy Land 1095 – Council of Clermont Called for Christian knights to reclaim Holy Land The Crusades Reason to join Crusades: Religious zeal Lure of land & wealth Adventure/escape from troubles at home Those who fought & died received salvation Church protected family & property while away Debtors had debts forgiven & criminals relieved of punishment The Crusades Pope Urban II reasons: Thought it would increase church power & prestige Unite the 2 branches of the Christian church Reduce feudal warfare in Europe Lands in Middle east provide outlet for Europe’s growing population The Crusades 1095- Peasant Crusade – Peter the Hermit Convinced the poor they were going to heaven In Asia Minor – massacred by the Turks The First Crusade The Crusades The First Crusade – 1096-1099 Only successful crusade Captured Antioch, Jerusalem Created 4 small Crusader states The Crusades The Second Crusade – 1147- started after Muslims recaptured Edessa and threatened Jerusalem – poor planning and division among the nobles caused it to fail The Crusades Third Crusade – 1189-1199 Started when Saladin, Seljuk Turk leader recaptured Jerusalem Known as the Crusade of the Three Kings – Frederick I, Philip II & Richard the Lion Hearted Frederick I – Barbarossa – drowns on the way Philip II of France gets mad at Richard the Lion Hearted & goes home The Crusades Richard fails to capture Jerusalem but forces a truce which allowed Christians to visit Jerusalem The Crusades Fourth Crusade – 1202 – called by Pope Innocent III Crusaders attack the Christian city of Zara All excommunicated 1204 attacked Constantinople Seriously weakened the Byzantine Empire Crusaders looted the city The Crusades 1212- Children’s Crusade – 20,000 kids All sold into slavery in North Africa Results & Impact of the Crusades Crusades were unsuccessful in reclaiming the Holy Land but they had a big impact on Western Europe Left a bitter legacy & religious hatred Increased trade between Near East & Europe Power of Roman Catholic Church decreased Increased power of the monarchs New taxes Death of many feudal lords Results & Impact of the Crusades Encouraged the growth of money economy Europe gained wider view of the world New weapons & military tactics Crossbow, catapults, carrier pigeons & possibly the use of gunpowder Status of women changed – controlled land while husbands were away Spain The Muslims had conquered most of Spain in the 700s Spain became a center of Islamic civilization Scholars preserved Greek & Roman texts Spanish Reconquista 1100s & 1200s Spanish knights launched their own crusade known was the Reconquista or the reconquest By 1250 Muslims held only kingdom of Granada Spanish Reconquista Central Spain – Kingdom of Aragon Northeast Spain – Kingdom of Castile 1469 – Queen Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon Unites Spain They use the common people to get power from nobles 1492 capture last Muslim city of Granada Spain United Spain both politically & religiously Ended the policy of religious toleration of Muslims & Jews Caused economic problems Revived the Inquisition Medieval Education Universities – many will be taken over by the Church Most students trained for high positions in the Church/government Took courses in all areas- Math, Science, Language, etc. Very similar to guilds Medieval Education Student life at these universities hard Long hours sitting on hard benches in unheated rooms Books scarce & expensive Student day from 5AM till 5PM No regular classrooms Took 3 to 5 years to complete the work Medieval Medicine Some had read Hippocrates Most used folk medicine Believed illness caused by the devil or evil spirits Conflict in Learning Debate between faith & reasonScholasticism – used reason & logic to support Christian beliefs Thomas Aquinas – Summa Theologica Man’s ability to reason was a gift from God Medieval Literature 1100s & 1200s – new style – writing in the vernacular – everyday language Townspeople enjoyed fables Nobility liked chanson de geste Song of Roland – France El Cid – Spain Siegfried – German Beowulf –England Medieval Literature Dante- Italian poet – The Divine Comedy Medieval Literature Geoffrey Chaucer – English – The Canterbury Tales Medieval Architecture Cathedrals – starting in 1100s – towns competed for the best Projects could take 30 years or more to complete Medieval Architecture Two styles: Romanesque – influenced by Romans – rounded arches, domed roof, columns, slits for windows, few statues Gothic – very tall & airy, flying buttress, many windows made of stained glass, lots of statues in relief, pointed arches Black Death Also known as the bubonic plague-buba Arrived in Genoa, Italy in 1347 by way of Sicily—fleas on rats carried disease Between 1347 & 1352 – kills 25 million or 1/3 of Europe’s population Effects of the plague Society torn apart as a result of plague Whole towns & villages disappeared People turn to witchcraft & magic for protection Flagellants-traveled from town to town beating themselves Christians blamed Jews- forced to flee into eastern Europe Effects of the plague Decline in population = labor shortage Serfdom disappears as the manor economy is destroyed Trade declines Workers demand higher wages Church Troubles Monarchs opposed Church’s political power Monarchs could not tax church land Church’s were getting involved in politics Great Schism 1378 – Pope Gregory XI died College of Cardinals elected Pope Urban VI 13 French Cardinals then elect another – Pope Clement VII 1417 – ends with the election of Pope Martin V Church Reformers John Wycliffe – English theologian- wanted to reform the Church Bible not pope final authority for Christians Jesus head of the Church not the pope Priest/sacraments not necessary for salvation Clergy needed to practice poverty Translated New Testament into English Church Reformers Jan Hus – German Authority of Bible higher than pope Preach in common language not Latin Arrested, tried for heresy & burned at the stake by Roman Catholic Church The Hundred Years War 1337-1453 Between England & France – Edward III of England claimed the throne of France The Hundred Years War 1337-1453 War had four major stages; England invades France captures French king & most of France French take back almost all the land they lost English invade again – Henry V forced the French to sign humiliating treaty French rally under Joan of Arc, Charles VII crowned king of France NEW WEAPONS Longbow-developed by the English which put an end to the age of feudal knights Cannon-used to destroy fortifications (castles)—castles became outdated