TITLE PAGE Effective time for Consumption of Pre-Exercise Energy Drink to Enhance Cardio-Respiratory Fitness Neeraj Kumar1, Deepika Srivastava2, Nilesh Nath Tiwari3, Suchi Dwivedi4 1. Asst. Professor cum Academic Coordinator, Saaii College of Medical Science & Technology, Kanpur, UP, India 2, 3 & 4: Scholar, Dept. of Physiotherapy, Saaii College of Medical Science & Technology, Kanpur, UP, India Corresponding Author: Neeraj Kumar BPT, MSPT Asst. Professor & Academic Coordinator, Dept. of Physiotherapy, Saaii College of Medical Science & Technology, Kanpur, India Phone No.: +91-9005411557 Email id: physioner@gmail.com Co-Authors: Deepika Srivastava, Nilesh Nath Tiwari, Suchi Dwivedi BPT, Dept. of Physiotherapy Saaii College of Medical Science & Technology, Kanpur Abstract: The purpose of the present research work was to determine the appropriate timing of ingestion of energy drink prior to exercise to improve VO2 max. A total of 15 male healthy individual, whose mean age and height were 20.47 years (±2.00) and 130.83 cm (±17.26) respectively, participated in this study and were placed in three different groups, in Group A they performed Bruce treadmill test without taking any supplement, in Group B they consumed energy drink 20 minutes before performing test and in Group C they consumed same energy drink immediately before performing the test. Statistical significant differences were found in VO2 max between Group A, Group B and Group C. the finding of this study concluded that ingestion of energy drink before exercise helps in enhancing the VO2 max, but its timing of ingestion does not affect as much since both group B and group C showed relatively similar findings. Keywords: VO2 max, cardiorespiratory fitness, energy drink, Bruce treadmill protocol Introduction: The VO2 max is considered as one of the most important determinant of athletes’ fitness (1) . VO2 max or cardio-respiratory fitness is the ability to perform moderate to high intensity exercises for prolonged periods (2, 3) . VO2 max can be measured by direct or indirect measurements (4). In which, Bruce treadmill testing is one which is much reliable and valid (2). It is believed that pre-exercise ingestion of energy drink improves cardio-respiratory fitness. Consumption of energy drink in sports is now very common enhance athletic performance (5) . It is being widely used to (6) . The most widely used energy drink worldwide is Red Bull (7, 8) , and many research have also been done on Red Bull energy drink and its effect on VO2 max (9, 10, 11). There are numerous studies who found that pre-exercise consumption of energy drink improves VO2 max during exercise (9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14) , but there is a paucity of work related to the finding of exact timing of ingestion of energy drink before exercise to improve VO2 max at its best. Therefore, the purpose of present research work is to find the appropriate timing, whether 20 minutes prior or just immediate before the exercise, of consumption of pre-exercise energy drink to enhance VO2 max, and this study will help the Athletes, Coaches, Physiotherapist, Team Physician, Team Managers and dieticians to get acquainted with the use of energy drink for improvement of VO2 max. Materials and Methods: Subject Sample: Total 15 volunteer male, moderately active healthy subjects, devoid of any drug abuse, non gym user and non athletes aged between 18-25 years randomly selected in this study. The all same 15 subjects were placed in three different groups. Group A consists of measurement of VO2 max without any prior supplement. Group B consists of measurement of VO2 max with consumption of Red Bull energy drink 20 minutes prior to the test, and Group C consists of measurement of VO2 max with consumption of Red Bull energy drink just immediate before starting the test. Measures & Procedures: The test for measuring VO2 max was divided on three testing session with an interval of minimum 1 week for each group respectively. The measurement of VO2 max had been done on motor driven Treadmill using ‘Bruce protocol’. Subjects were asked to report 30 minutes prior to each testing session. The sequence of all three testing session were randomized with 5 subjects consumed nothing, another 5 subjects consumed energy drink 20 minutes prior whereas another 5 subjects consumed energy drink just immediate before the test, on first testing session. Statistical analysis: Mean and SD were used to prepare summary statistics. ANOVA (F) and Post Hoc with Scheffe test were used to determine the differences between all the groups. The statistical analysis was done on SPSS v 16.00. Results: A total of 15 male, healthy individuals participated in the present study with the mean age of 20.47 years (±02.00), and their mean weight were 130.83 lbs (±17.26). The subjects were placed in three different groups and their VO2 max was measured by treadmill using Bruce protocol. Among group A, group B, and Group C the VO2 max (ml/kg/min) were 53.38 (±4.24), 60.80 (±3.15) and 59.24 (±3.58) respectively; and heart rate (beat/min) were 152.13 (±10.32), 131.47 (±15.48), and 137.07 (±14.54), as shown by its mean plot in fig. 1 ‘Place Figure 1 here’ One way ANOVA were applied between heart rate and VO2 max among all the three groups and Post Hoc multiple Scheffe range test were applied to determine the inter group differences which is shown in table 1. ‘Place Table 1 here’ Discussion: The purpose of the present research work was to find the appropriate timing of consumption of pre-exercise energy drink to enhance the cardio-respiratory fitness. 15 participants were participated in three testing session and placed in three different groups as, Group A (control group), Group B (ingestion of energy drink 20 minutes prior to test) and Group C (ingestion of energy drink just immediate before the test). The cardio-respiratory fitness or VO2 max was determined by treadmill using Bruce protocol. Statistical significant difference found in Heart Rate (F= 9.22) and VO2 max (F=16.92) between Group A, Group B and Group C. The Post Hoc Scheffe test revealed statistical significant difference between Group A and Group B among Heart rate (Mean Difference= 20.66, p<0.001) and VO2 max (Mean Difference= 7.42, p<0.001). This finding suggest that consumption of energy drink 20 minutes before starting the exercise helps in enhancing the VO2 max during exercise, which is in relation to the finding of Kazemi et al. (2009) (15), Ivy et al. (2009) (10), & Rahnama et al. (2009) (16) who stated that energy drink has ergogenic effects on endurance performance as it enhances the VO2 max during exercises. We have found similar kind of trend between Group A and Group C in regards to Heart rate (Mean Difference= 15.06, p<0.05) and VO2 max (Mean Difference= 5.86, p<0.001), and it reveals that consumption of energy drink immediately before the exercise also increases the VO2 max during that exercise of the individual. This finding is consistent with the findings of Walsh et al. (2010) (6) who stated that the energy drink supplement can significantly increase time to exhaustion during a moderate intensity run. Statistical insignificant difference were found between Group B and Group C among Heart Rate (Mean Difference= -5.6, p=0.536) and VO2 max (Mean Difference= 1.55, p=0.518). According to this finding, it can be suggested that the VO2 max of an individual can be increased during an exercise with the help of consumption of pre-exercise energy drink irrespective of its timing of consumption. Since, the average VO2 max value of Group B is more than Group C so, it can be suggested that ingestion of energy drink 20 minutes before the exercise can give better VO2 max. Conclusion: The finding of the present study reveals that pre-exercise ingestion of energy dink helps in increasing VO2 max during exercise. Energy drink can be administered anytime between 20 minutes to immediately before the exercise as its effect is relatively similar on VO2 max. References: 1. Thompson, W.R., Gordon, N.F., Pescatello, L.S. (2009). ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 8th ed., 54. 2. Katch, V.L., McArdle, W.D., & Katch, F.I. (2011). Essentials of exercise physiology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Fourth edition 3. Levine, B.D. (2008). VO2 max: What do we know, and what do we still need to know? J Physiol. 586.1, 25-34. 4. Kumar, N., & Agrahari, R. (2012). Effect of pre-exercise sports drink on cardiorespiratory fitness. Medicina Sportiva. 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The effects of pre-exercise high energy drink on exercise performance in physically active men and women. Advances in Physical Education. 1:1, 1-5. 15. Kazemi, F., Gaeini, A.A., Kordi, M.R., & Rahnama, N. (2009). The acute effects of two energy drinks on endurance performance in female athlete students. Sport Sci Health. 5; 55-60. 16. Rahnama, N., Gaeini, A.A., & Kazemi, F. (2009). The effectiveness of two energy drinks on selected indices of maximal cardiorespiratory fitness and blood lactate levels in male athletes. JRMS. 15(3); 127-132. Figure 1: Mean Plot of Heart Rate and VO2 Max among all Three Groups Table 1: Comparison of Heart rate and VO2 max between all three groups Variable GROUP GROUP HR A B 20.66667* .001 C 15.06667* .016 A -20.66667* .001 C -5.60000 .536 A -15.06667* .016 B 5.60000 .536 B -7.41733** .000 C -5.86333** .000 A 7.41733** .000 C 1.55400 .518 A 5.86333** .000 B -1.55400 .518 B C VO2MAX A B C . Significant at p< 0.001 . Significant at p<0.05 ** * Mean Difference Sig.