Europe to the Early 1500s
Ottto I (936-973 AD)
• Henry the Fowler (918-936 AD), King of
Germany
• Otto I (936-973 AD)
– Conquers Part of Italy
– Defeats Magyars at Lechfeld (955 AD)
– Enlists churchmen into government
– February 2, 962, Pope John XII crowned him
as Emperor.
Cluny Reform Movement (10th-11th
century AD)
• 910 AD—Count of Auverne founds new
monastery (Benedictine)
• Leaders of Western Monasticism
• Uniqueness:
– organizational structure
– the prohibition on holding land by feudal
service
– its execution of the liturgy as its main form of
work.
Cluny Organization
• Abbot of Cluny is the boss
• Daughter Houses (Priories) are run by
priors, appointed by the Abbot of Cluny
• Priors meet at Cluny to make account for
service yearly
Customs of Cluny
• Old monasteries combined physical labor and
prayer to achieve economic independence
• By 9th century, Prayer was main business of
monks
• Donations now paid for servants who worked
while the monks prayed and performed masses
for the dead in purgatory
• Monks now lived like wealthy nobles with gold
cups, drinking wine and eating roast chicken and
cheese and wearing silken and linen robes
• This inevitably leads to corruption
Calls for Reform
• Pushed for independence of Church from
Secular authority
• Called for clergy under Papal authority
only
• Better educated priests; make all celibate
too.
• An attack on poorly educated peasant
priests with mistresses / wives
Investiture Struggle
• Gregory VII (1073-1085 AD)
– He attacks the investment of bishops and priests by
secular authorities
• Henry IV(1056 (King)/84 (Holy Roman
Emperor)-1105 AD
– He attacks Papal authority but his nobles sell him out,
forcing him to grovel before the pope at Canossa in
1076 AD
• 1122— Concordat of Worms compromises —
King invests with land rights, Pope with religious
power
The Crusades
The Crusades
•
•
•
•
•
Outlet for heightened religosity
Also a way for younger sons to get land
1071—Manzikert
Byzantines ask pope for help
Pope gives a call for a holy crusade at the
Council of Claremont.
The Pope Calls For Holy War
• "Let those who have been accustomed unjustly to wage
private warfare against the faithful now go against the
infidels and end with victory this war which should have
been begun long ago. Let those who for a long time,
have been robbers, now become knights. Let those who
have been fighting against their brothers and relatives
now fight in a proper way against the barbarians. Let
those who have been serving as mercenaries for small
pay now obtain the eternal reward. Let those who have
been wearing themselves out in both body and soul now
work for a double honor." -- From Fulcher of Chartes'
account of Urban II's speech
First Crusade
1. The People’s Crusade—Peasants +
Knights,led by Peter the Hermit of
Amiens -- 100,000
2. The German Crusade—JewSlaughtering Knights
3. The Baron’s Crusade—French, Norman,
and Italian knights, 7000 strong, another
20-30,000 footmen
Constantinople and Beyond
• By May 1097, all three armies reach
Constantinople
– People’s Army attacks Turks, dies in droves
– Germans and French unite, head south
• Capture Antioch and Edessa
• South to Jerusalem
– Five week siege
– According to Fulcher of Chartres: "Indeed, if you had
been there you would have seen our feet coloured to our
ankles with the blood of the slain. But what more shall I
relate? None of them were left alive; neither women nor
children were spared".
Crusader States
•
•
•
•
The first Crusader state, the County of Edessa, was founded in 1098 and
lasted until 1144.
The Principality of Antioch, founded in 1098, lasted until 1268.
The County of Tripoli (the Lebanese city, not the Libyan capital), founded
in 1104, with Tripoli itself conquered in 1109, lasted until 1288.
The Kingdom of Jerusalem, founded in 1099, lasted until 1291, when the
city of Acre fell. There were also many vassals of the Kingdom of
Jerusalem, the four major lordships (seigneuries) being:
–
–
–
–
•
The Principality of Galilee
The County of Jaffa and Ascalon
The Lordship of Oultrejordain
The Lordship of Sidon
The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia had its origins before the Crusades, but
was granted the status of a kingdom by Pope Innocent III, and later became
semi-westernized by the (French) Lusignan dynasty.
Crusader States
Crusader Orders
• Knight-Monk Orders founded to defend Outremer
– Order of the Hospital of St. John or The Hospitallers Founded c.1070. Papal Order 1113
– Poor Knights of Christ and the Temple of Solomon or
Knights Templar - Founded c.1118. Papal Order 1128 - the first
purely military order.
– Knights of St Lazarus - Founded early 12th Century. Militarised
c.1123. Most likely an offshoot of the Hospitallars.
– Order of Montjoie - Founded c.1180.
– Teutonic Knights of the Hospital of St Mary of Jerusalem or
The Teutonic Knights - Founded 1190. Papal Order 1198.
– Hospitallers of St Thomas of Canterbury at Acre or Knights
of St Thomas Acon - Founded 1191. Militarised c.1217.
Second and Third Crusades
• The Second Crusade (1147-49) – Response to Fall of
Edessa; not very impressive
• Third Crusade (1189-92 AD)
– Saladin (1138-93) conquers Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1187
– Kings of France (Philip Augustus), Germany (Frederick
Barbarossa), England (Richard the Lion Hearted) unite to take
on Saladin
– Barbarossa drowns in a river
– France and England fall out; French leave and attack England
– Richard fights to a tie, takes Acre
– Richard goes home and is taken hostage in Germany for 2 years
The Fourth Crusade: 1202-4
• 30,000 crusaders sack Zara for Venice to
pay for transit to Holy Land
• Civil War in Byzantium; exiled Prince
Alexius Angelus asks Crusaders for help
• Crusaders install him on throne; he sells
them out, so they sack the city in 1204 and
take over
• Never gets to the Holy Land
More Futile Crusades
• Fifth Crusade (1217-1221): Austria, Hungary, Dutch vs.
Egypt. Flop
• Sixth Crusade (1228-9): HRE Frederick II buys
Jerusalem
• The Seventh Crusade (1248-54) : Saint Louis invades
Egypt. Flop.
• The Eighth Crusade (1270) : Saint Louis invades
Tunisia; Disease wins.
• The Ninth Crusade (1271-2): Edward I of England
makes minor gains; goes home to inherit the throne.
• 1291 AD: Fall of Acre ends the Crusades
Towns and Townsfolk
•
•
•
•
•
•
5% of population in 11th-12th centuries
Town Charters: Money for Freedom
Rise of the Merchants
Cities + King vs. Nobility
Town Councils: Nobles + Merchants
Trade Guilds: Artisans United
– Master / Journeyman / Apprentice
• Rise of City-States in Germany and Italy
• Urban Jews—Some Financiers, Many
Education
• 12th Century—Return of Greek Philosophy
via Muslim Spain
• Rise of Universities:
• Bologna (1158)
– Roman Law Focus
– Model for Spain, Italy, South France
• University of Paris (late 12th century)
– Theology Focus
– Model for North France, Germany, England,
Scandanavia
Scholasticism
• Synthetic Learning: You study the received
wisdom, debate it, then draw your conclusions,
synthesizing a conclusion
• The goal is to rediscover past knowledge and to
preserve past wisdom, rather than achieving new
knowledge
• Students write commentaries on older works:
– Summary: Boiling down older works into shorter
versions
– Annotation: Adding to older works with commentary,
observations, contemporary incident, etc.
Peter Abelard (1079-1142) and Héloïse (110116 May 1164)
• Peter Abelard = Brilliant Theologian; Heloise =
his student, niece of Canon Fulbert of Notre
Dame
• Abelard was a rigorous scholastic and a huge
supporter of the study of Greek Philosophy and
its integration with Catholic Theology
• Enemy of Saint Bernard, who emphasized faith
and said 'Greek Philosophy ' = Pagan = Evil
• Abelard said that motives behind an act
determine its morality more than the act itself
(subjective morality)
Abelard and Heloise: The Love
Tragedy I
• University Professors required to be
celibate
• He takes a side job tutoring Heloise, niece
of Canon Fulbert of Notre Dame
• They become lovers
• She becomes pregnant; their son is named
Astrolabius.
• Affair is exposed. Her family has him
castrated.
Abelard and Heloise: The Love
Tragedy II
• He flees to a monastery; she becomes a
nun
• They maintain decades of correspondence
which we still have today
• 1121: Saint Bernard has all his books
burned and condemned as heresy
• 1140: All his teachings condemned as
heresy.
Abelard and Heloise: The Love
Tragedy III
• He dies bitter and burnt out in 1142, trying
to appeal his condemnation
• Pope Innocent III (1198-1216) would later
elevate Abelard's articulation of the idea of
Limbo into Catholic theology.
• Heloise spent her last years working to
improve the life of monastic women and
studying theology
The Three Orders
• Nobility: Those Who Fight
• Clergy: Those Who Pray
• Peasantry: Those Who Work
• Merchants and the like didn't fit well in this
scheme but were very small in numbers
The Nobility
• By 1200, a hard to enter nobility of
hereditary status emerged
– Noble Title: Some held specific titles (Duke,
Count, Baron, etc).
– Noble Status. Larger group held 'noble status'
without a formal title or just as 'Sir Whatever'
– England: Only Noble Title holders were nobles
– Germany: Many, many noble titles, some ruled
little more than a good sized ranch.
– Poland: By 1700, 30% of population held noble
status, but most were dirt poor
Those Who Fight
• To be a noble was to have the obligation of
military service in return for holding land and
serfs.
• Mounted Cavalry rules the battlefield
• As it becomes harder to afford the gear, the
nobility becomes closed
• But in late middle ages, rising merchants marry
noble families who need MONEY
• After 1300, Pike, Cannon, and Musket begin to
undercut military role of knights
Clergy
• Upper Rank = Educated upper class
Bishops, Abbots, Canons, etc.
• Lower Rank = Barely literate peasant
priests
• Regular Clergy = Priest-Monks
• Secular Clergy = Non Monk Priests; many
became royal or noble administrators if
educated
Monasticism
• Cloistered Orders = Withdraw from world to
pray
• Friars = Do Charitable work in the world or
teach
Power and Temptation
• Clergy = “First Order”
• Church owns 1/3rd of land
• Theology = “Queen of the Sciences”
• Church has to struggle with conflicting
temporal and spiritual imperatives and its
leaders are men from the class of luxury,
not humility or poverty
Peasantry
• Serfs were bound to the land and owed traditional
rents and work duties to the lord, but married as they
chose and owned property of their own.
• Lord holds judicial and police powers over them
• Some families accumulated private land and rose
• By late middle ages, rising trade led to fixed
payments of money taking place of labor duties and
rents.
• After Black Plague, even better terms could
sometimes be reached due to labor shortage.
Medieval Women
•
Traditional Roles: Wives or Nuns
•
Cult of Mary and Courtly Love Literature = Women
as Moral Exemplars, Inspiring Men
•
Nuns had more freedom than most women, but
usually only noblewomen could pay to enter
•
Monogamy gives women more dignity and security
but also means more pressure, shorter lives
•
Most women worked side by side with husband in
aspects of same trade
England Vs. France: Emergence of
National Monarchies (1066 to 1214)
William the Conqueror (c. 1028 – 1087):
•
Edward the Confessor (1042-66) –
Heirless King
• Claimants:
– Earl Harold Godwinson of Mercia
– William, Duke of Normandy
– William gets Papal backing
1066 And All That (Hastings)
•
•
•
Harold calls out the Anglo-Saxon Levy: A
Farmer Militia of footmen with leather,
shields, spears and simple bows
Vikings invade Northern England; Harold
Defeats them
Norman Knights and Italian
Crossbowmen invade England
–
–
Battle of Hastings, October 14
Harold is slain
William the Conqueror (Rules
England 1066-1087)
•
•
Saxons gradually driven from power,
replaced with French and Norman nobles
Well organized feudalism
–
–
–
Noble estates scattered to weaken them
High noble titles kept limited in number
But Kings consult with nobles to reduce
conflict
Ongoing Instabilities
•
•
Kings of England also Dukes of
Normandy; drawn into French politics vs.
French kings slowly growing in power
Henry II (1154-89) married Eleanor of
Aquataine and obtained control of most of
southern France; Kings of France = not
happy
– French play Henry's sons (Richard
the Lionhearted, John, etc.) against
him
Fall of Normandy
• Richard (1189-1199 AD) the Lionhearted's
crusade forces Regent John to tax heavily for
no real gain
– Source of Robin Hood Legend
• Once John (1199-1216) is King, France
crushes him and the English lose most lands in
France
• Nobility revolts; John signs Magna Carta in
1215 AD
• Magna Carta meant neither King nor Nobles
would dominate England entirely
France Rising
•
•
At height of dark ages, France was lost in
many states and feudal anarchy
French Kings only really ruled 'Ile de
France' around Paris
–
•
Replaced nobles with appointed Baillis,
who governed land for wages and a term
of office (Balliwick)
Philip II Augustus(1180-1223 AD):
Defeats the English at Bouvines (1214
AD)
Saint / King Louis IX (12261279)
•
Embodied Medieval Ideal of the Just,
Generous Monarch AND was a pillar of
religious devotion
–
–
–
•
•
Ended private wars
Eased access to royal justice
Fairer taxes
Golden Age of Scholasticism and
Architecture
2 crusades (BIG FLOPS)
Saint Louis
•
Builds Sainte Chapelle ("Holy Chapel")
– a shrine for the Crown of Thorns and
a fragment of the True Cross (worth
135,000 livres)
– Relics were a sign of prestige and a
target for pilgrims
– Showed France was “The New
Jerusalem”
The Hohenstaufen Empire
(1152-1272 AD)
•
•
Holy Roman Empire Dynasty
Frederick I Barbarossa (1152-1190 AD):
– Strong ruler; fought with Popes
– Papacy tried to bring him down to
protect their Italian lands
– Drowned in Turkey during third
crusade
Frederick II (1212-50)
•
Captured by Papacy when young, raised as ward
•
Cynical about religion.
•
Preferred to stay home in Sicily where he grew up
– Leaves Germany to sink into anarchy
•
Repeatedly excommunicated
– Went on Crusade WHILE excommunicated
and freed Jerusalem. BY BUYING IT.
•
After his death, the central government of the HRE
collapses, replaced by Elected Monarchs.
Hundred Years War (1337-1453
AD)
Causes of the 100 Years' War
•
Charles IV Capet dies, last of the Capets
–
•
•
His sister Isabella married Edward II of
England, begat King Edward III of England
(1327-1377)
Philip VI (1328-50), founder of the house of
Valois, was his cousin, argued you couldn't
trace descent through women under the 'Salic
Law'.
1337: Philip launches the war, invading
Gascony
French Problems
•
•
•
•
17 million Frenchmen vs. 4 million
English
France has more knights but England has
much better archers and its knights are
more disciplined
French Knights despise their own
mercenary archers
French fight stupidly until 1430s.
Edwardian War (1337-1360)
•
•
Early fighting = inconclusive
Crecy (1346)
•
– 10,000 English vs. 35,000 French
– Total English Victory
– Fall of Calais to English
1347 - 1351: Black Plague kills 30-60%
Poitiers (1356)
•
Black Knight Edward (son of Edward III)
crushes French
– Imagine Knights charging in a vinyard
– French Countryside collapses into anarchy
– King of France captured
– English control half of Brittany, Aquitaine
(about a quarter of France), Calais,
Ponthieu, and about half of France's
vassal states as their allies
Caroline War (1369-1389)
•
•
•
•
French adopt Fabian Tactics
Edward III too busy dying by inches
Black Prince goes to Spain in giant waste
of time, dies leaving a small child
(Richard II)
Peace ensues
Lancastrian War (1415-1429)
•
King Henry V of England (1413 to
1422) invades and claims the throne of
France again
– Victory at Agincourt (25 October
1415)
• 5,900 men against 21,000
– Allies with Burgundy; controls half of
France
Jeanne d'Arc (Joan of Arc) and
English Decline (1429-1453)
•
•
•
•
English under a regency for Henry VI
1429: Jeanne d'Arc rallies the French,
saves New Orleans
Jean later burned as a witch, but now the
tide turns because the English are divided
increasingly by domestic strife and
French FINALLY get their act together.
1453: French storm Calais
Consequences
•
•
•
English expelled from continent
French state grows much stronger with
centralized taxes, government, and army
English turn on each other in disorder
under weak King Henry VI in the Wars of
the Roses (1455-1487 AD)
The Black Death (1347-51)
The Black Death: Before Death
•
•
•
•
•
Population doubled 1000-1300 AD
Now was too high relative to food supply
1315-7: Worst famine of Middle Ages
Poor Hygiene + rising towns + trade =
ideal for a plague
Plague rides the Silk Road from Asia
The Black Death Comes
•
•
•
•
•
•
Asia: 1330s
Middle East: 1346
Europe: 1347-51
75 million die in world; 20 million or so in
Europe
Recurs several times
Europe down 40% or so by 1400
Consequences
•
•
•
•
•
Superstitions and Religious Extremism
Less workers = higher wages,
renegotiation of serf terms
But also crackdowns by lords and lords
shifting to pasture
Jacqueries (Peasant revolts ensue)
Balance of power tends to shift towards
Kings
Ecclesiastical Breakdown and
Revival
•
Boniface VIII (r. 1294-1303 AD) vs.
Philip the Fair (King of France, 12851314 AD)
– Kings now stronger than Popes
– King and Pope clashed over taxes
and appointment of Bishops
– Philip the Fair invades Italy, kidnaps
the Pope, abuses him, which soon
leads to death
Avignonese Captivity (13051377)
•
•
•
•
Pope Clement V (1305-1314) ends up
moved to Avignon
Series of French Puppet Popes
Pope Urban VI (1378-89) tries to reform
election of Popes, stay in Rome
Great Schism Ensues
Great Schism (1377-1417)
•
Rival French and Italian Popes
–
–
•
•
•
English, Holy Roman Empire, Hungary,
Bohemia, Poland back the Italian
Naples, Castile, Scotland, Aragon back
French Pope
1409 Council of Pisa choses THIRD pope
Council of Constance deposes all three,
choses Martin V (1417-31)
15th century Popes struggle vs. Church
Councils for power, often rather corrupt
The Renaissance in Italy (13751527 AD)
•
Renaissance Italian City-states made big
profits on Mediterranean Trade, allowing
culture and war at home
–
•
•
the Duchy of Milan, the Republics of
Florence and Venice, the Papal States
and the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily
Ruled by despots because of divisions in
internal elites
Venice has a united oligarchy, though
Humanism
•
•
•
Scholarly study of Church Fathers,
Greek, and Latin texts
Orators and poets who write in classical
AND contemporary languages
Went back to the original sources and
tried to draw own conclusions and tried to
EXPAND knowledge.
Francesco Petrarch (1304-74),
the Father of Humanism
•
•
•
•
•
Perfected the Sonnet
Attacked those in past ages who let old
knowledge die
Created the idea of the 'Dark Age'
Strong poet in Italian
Many scholarly works, including 'letters' to
famous dead figures
Petrarch's Secretum Meum
•
•
•
Sought to combine classical culture and
Christian Philosophy
God gave man capacity for reason so he
would use it.
Reason and Faith both lead to same
knowledge of truth
Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)
•
Part of a political family in Florence; he
lost out in Imperial vs. Papal faction
struggles and fled into exile
The Divine Comedy (Inferno,
Purgatorio, Paradisio)-- 1308-21
•
•
•
•
A poetic trip through hell, purgatory, and
heaven
It became the most influential view of the
geography, nature of the three
Full of him putting people he hated in
hellfire
In Poem, he travels through the three, led
first by Virgil, then Beatrice (his love)
The Divine Comedy (Inferno,
Purgatorio, Paradisio)-- 1308-21
•
•
•
Hell is a terraced pit with each terrace for
a different sin, from the limbo of the
virtuous pagans down to the bottom
where Devil, Judas, Brutus, and Cassius
are all frozen in ice
Purgatory is a mountain of punishments
for sins
Heaven is a series of concentric spheres
ascending to the Presence of God
Renaissance Art
•
•
•
•
Increasing amounts of secular art as well
as religious
Funded by Church and urban families
Realism of classics is the style
New Methods:
–
–
–
the use of slow drying oil paints
of constrast of light and shade to enhance
realism (chiaroscuro)
of linear perspective to give the illusion of
three-dimensional space.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519
AD)
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519
AD)
•
The very essence of a renaissance
man—classical scholar, scientist,
inventor, engineer, and artist
–
–
–
He conceptualized many modern devices,
though he couldn't make his ideas work
yet
Advanced anatomy, civil engineering,
optics, and hydrodynamics
Brilliant painter of complex, emotion
revealing faces
Leonardo's Military Inventions
Leo's Art
Leo's Art
Raphael (1483-1520)
•
•
•
•
Friend of Leonardo and Michelangelo
Most noted for Virgin Mary and Jesus
Images
But also The School of Athens
Head Architect for Saint Peter's in Rome
The School of Athens
Michelangelo (1475-1564 AD)
•
•
•
•
•
Fluent in many forms of Art
Worked for 4 popes
Most famous for Sistine Chapel and his
statue of David and his statue The Pieta
He was very arrogant.
Asserted he 'found the images he carved
already inside the stone; he only set them
free'
The Pieta
Homages
Italy Declines: French Invasions
(1494-1527 AD)
•
•
•
In 1494, the leader of Milan appeals to
French for aid against Naples, Florence,
and the Pope.
Wars now wreck France
1516 AD: Concordat of Bologna signs
away much Papal power in France
Niccolo Machiavelli (14691527)
•
•
•
•
•
Italian nationalist
He hoped the de Medicis of Florence
would unite Italy against foreigners
Idealized Roman virtues
In his own corrupt time, only a despot
could unite and save Italy
Il Principe (The Prince) (1513/32) is
advice for that ruler
Italy Prostrate
•
•
Charles V (1519-56) sacks Rome In 1532
Italy is now a pawn of outside powers
until 1860s.
th
15
Century Nation Building:
The End of Feudalism
•
•
•
•
•
Increasingly, feudal nations either
centralized or slid like Germany and Italy
into chaos and fragmentation
Feudal Assemblies either crippled the
king or were crushed by Kings
Professionalizing of warfare reduced role
of nobles and knights
Royal revenue grew at expense of
commoners
Sale of office and honors was common
Rise of Russia
•
•
•
Vladimir of Kiev (972-1015 AD) – Marries
Byzantine Princess Anna in 988,
becomes Christian.
Mongol invasion wrecks Kievan state
Mongol Domination (1243-1480 AD):
– The Golden Horde holds power
– Russia is divided
– Grand Princes of Moscow grow in
power
Russian Liberation
•
•
1380: Kolikov Meadow: Grand Duke
Dimitri of Moscow defeats Mongols
Ivan the Great (1440-1505)
–
–
–
Consolidates Northern Russia
Ends Tribute payments in 1476
Great Standoff on the Ugra river (1480
AD). Mongols back down.
Rise of Tsar's Power under Ivan
III
•
•
•
•
•
Government becomes more autocratic
After fall of Byzantium, Tsars style
themselves as heirs of Rome
Tsar is from 'Caesar', the Roman title
After first wife dies in 1467, Ivan marries
Sophia Paleologue of the Byzantine
dynasty. Her son Vassily inherits after
Ivan III dies.
.
France
•
•
•
•
Defeat of English leaves France strong
Death of Charles the Bold of Burgundy
(1467-77) facilitates take over of
Burgundy by King Louis XI (1461-83)
But Italian Wars were damaging
– 1525: Pavia, King Francis I is
captured, a third of French nobility is
killed allegedly
By 1550, on verge of religious civil war
Spain
•
•
•
•
The marriage of Ferdinand of Argorn
(1479-1516) to Isabella of Castille (14741504) united both kingdoms for a final
push on the Moslems, taking Grenada in
1492.
Aragon = Mercantile Kingdom
Castille = Religiously devout pastoralists
and farmers
Found a new empire in New World
England Goes Downhill
•
Henry VI (1422-1461, 1470-1, crowned at
age 9 months)
– Bungling Child Monarch
– Dominated by his wife but sometimes
major nobles
– Sometimes went crazy
– France is lost in his youth by his kin
The House of Lancaster
•
•
•
•
•
Edward III had too many kids
Direct line dies out in 1399 with overthrow
of Richard III (1377-1399)
Henry IV (1399–1413) overthrows him
Henry V (1413-1422) tries to conquer
France and fails
Weakness of Henry VI leads Richard of
York, cousin of Henry, to make a play for
power
Wars of the Roses (1455-85)
•
•
Richard of York rises in 1455
1461: Lancastrians deposed after Battle
of Northhampton
–
•
Edward IV (1461-1483), son of Richard of
York, takes the throne
1470-1: Brief Lancastrian comeback;
Edward IV and his brothers flee to
Burgundy, then return with Burgundian
help.
War of the Roses II
•
•
•
•
Battle of Tewkesbury in 1471 kills Prince
Edward, son of Henry VI
Henry VI is then murdered
Edward V rules briefly in 1483, usurped
by his uncle Richard III (1483-5)
Henry Tudor, related distantly to Edward
III, now comes in and defeats Richard III
at Bosworth Field in 1485, ending the
wars