#1 L’anse Aux Meadows (not in book)
• Year: 11th century
• First European settlement in North American. (Located on the coast of
Newfoundland)
• Settled on by a group of Vikings from Iceland called Norsemen.
• Represents a new age of European exploration in the world.
• Consists of eight wooden framed grass covered buildings similar to Viking
buildings of the time period.
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:L_Anse_aux_Meadows.jpg
• Discovered and excavated in the 1960’s.
#2 Norsemen (not in book)
• Years: 9th- 11th century
• Group of Vikings that founded L’anse Aux Meadows in
Newfoundland.
• Norsemen is the name given to the Scandinavian Vikings.
• Norsemen settled on the coast of Europe, in Iceland, and
in Newfoundland.
• Groups of Norsemen would raid European settlements
in France, and England during 9th and 10th century.
• Advanced technology in sailing and travel.
• Unbeknownst to many, these were the first European
explorers to reach the New World
www.worldhistoryplus.com/worldhistorypictures/1CE-999 9.html
#3 John Rolfe (page 30-31)
• Year: 1585-1622
• One of first people to settle in Jamestown colony. Lived in Jamestown during the
starving time.
• Created a type of tobacco that grew well in North America.
• Married Pocahontas and created a time of peace between
the settlers and the Native Americans.
• Died during an Indian raid on Jamestown in 1622.
http://pursuingindependence1776.blogspot.com/2012/07/john-rolfes-legacy.html
#4 John Smith (page 29)
• Year: 1579-1631
• He helped govern the colony of Jamestown.
• Was captured by the Powhatan tribe and almost killed
before being saved by Pocahontas.
• Led the people of Jamestown through the starving time.
• Legs were badly injured in a black powder explosion, which
caused him to return to England.
• Could not return to American and died in London in 1631.
http://www.shmoop.com/jamestown/photo-john-smith.html
#5 Mayflower Compact (page 36)
http://rerii6.blog.com/2011/10/26/mayflower-compact-facts/
• Year: November 1620
• Formed laws and a government within the new colony.
• Signed by all “household leaders” of the colonists (41 total).
• Written because other colonies failed due to lack of
government/authority.
• Governed the colony until 1691.
• Written by Pilgrims when they landed in Plymouth.
#6 Puritans (page 22)
• Year: settled in American in 1630
• Wanted to reform the English church.
• Settled in America and established the Massachusetts Bay Colony after being
persecuted by the English church.
https://www.superstock.com/stock-photos-images/1443-572
• Settled in new England region and established Boston.
• Were strict Calvinists and believed in predestination.
• Lead/ governed by John Winthrop.
http://www.ushistoryscene.com/uncategorized/puritanspilgrims/
#7 Bacon’s Rebellion (page 34)
• Year: 1676
• A rebellion in Virginia over shortage of land in the
expanding western frontier.
• Farmers wanted Native American land to grow tobacco.
• Nathaniel Bacon and a group of poor farmers attacked
Native American tribes.
• Governor William Berkeley raised forces to put down
the rebellion, but a small civil war followed.
• Rebellion came to quick end with Bacon’s death.
• Showed the growing divide between the wealthy and
poor classes.
http://www.virginiaplaces.org/military/baconsrebellion.html
#8 Roger Williams (page 38)
• Year: 1603-1683
• Forced to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
• Thought government should not have connections with Church.
• Established the city of Providence with land bought from
Native Americans.
• City grew and became the capital of the Rhode Island colony.
• The colony accepted all religious beliefs.
• Led Providence’s militia in the King Philips War.
http://eslnotepad.blogspot.com/2010/07/how-search-for-religious-freedom-led-to.html
#9 Anne Hutchinson (page 38)
• Year: 1591-1643
• Banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and excommunicated
from the Boston Church
• Thought that clergy were not among the “elect”.(Antinomian heresy)
• Made open attacks against the clergy of Massachusetts.
• Moved to Narragansett Bay with her family and followers.
• Later moved to New York and died in an Indian uprising.
http://www.nwhm.org/educationresources/biography/biographies
/anne-marbury-hutchinson/
#10 King Phillip's War (page 40)
• Year: 1675-1676
• Battle between English settlers and the Wampanoag
tribe.
• War led by Metacomet (referred as King Phillip by English)
killed thousands in raids against Massachusetts’ towns.
• Metacomet killed by the Mohawk tribe in 1676.
• After his death settlers quickly over powered the
weakened Native American alliance.
• Many lives lost because of the new technologies used
in war.
This was the first major conflict between the Natives and
English settlers.
https://historymartinez.wordpress.com/2013/08/07/king-philips-war-powerpoint/
#11 William Penn/ Quakers (Page 45)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Year: Pennsylvania founded in 1681
Charles the Second settled a debt with William Penn by granting him land.
The land is used to create a Quaker colony in America called Pennsylvania.
William Penn went to Pennsylvania in 1682 to oversee the colony.
The Quakers were unpopular in England because they are pacifists.
Looked for land in America as an asylum from the English.
http://www.rightwords.eu/authors/biography/william-penn
#12 Benign Neglect (term not in book)
• Year: Formation of colonies until Navigation Acts (1660’s)
• A period of time when colonies were free to govern
themselves with little input
from parliament or the king of England.
• Ended when parliament put restrictions on trade with the
Navigation Acts of 1660’s.
• Led to anger between colonies and England because
Parliament began to take freedoms away from the people.
Because of Benign Neglect, colonists became used to being
afforded freedoms, further frustrating them when England
tried to reinforce control over them.
http://community.weber.edu/weberreads/salutary_or_benign_neglect.htm
#13 Navigation Acts (page 54)
• Year: 1660, 1663, 1673
• Closed all colonial trade from nations other than England.
• Required the colonies to export goods only to England.
• All goods sent to the colonies from Europe must be taxed in England.
• Taxed all trade between the colonies.
http://mrvanduyne.com/revcauses/tightgrip02.htm
• Appointed officials to collect taxes and enforce the
Navigation Acts.
• Angered the colonist because they were being
taxed without representation in England.
14. Glorious Revolution (pg 55-56)
• Date: 1688
• King James II was very unpopular at this time in England
and the American colonies for trying to control Parliament
and appointing Catholics to high office in government.
• Parliament offered King James II’s daughter, Mary, and her
husband William of Orange, ruler of Netherlands, the
throne. James II did not resist and fled
• The overthrow of James II was called the Glorious
Revolution and gave power back to the Protestants in
government. It also established America as part of the
British Empire more than ever.
http://www.landofthebrave.info/glorious-revolution.htm
15. Triangular Trade (pg 72-73)
Date: Late 1600’s- Early 1700’s
• The process of trade between early colonial
America, England, Africa, and the West Indies
was known inaccurately as, “Triangular Trade.”
• This trade consisted mostly of the circulation of
slaves, rum, and sugar among the countries.
• This process also meant the British colonies
were sending most of their products to the
British, in exchange for manufactured goods.
• Out of the risky trade also emerged a new group
of entrepreneurs who became a distinct
merchant class
http://www.rodhandeland.com/FreshWater/Class%20III%20%20NorthAmerica.htm
16. Consumerism (pg 74-75)
• Date: 18th Century
• 18th century consumerism was brought on by the Industrial
Revolution in England, and the ability for the colonists to buy
more affordable products
• Consumerism was also brought about by members of society
buying more products to make them appear high class. Having
the latest fashion or better clothing made one appear more
“refined.”
• Things that were once viewed as luxuries were now considered
necessities, such as tea and glass
• The biggest results of Consumerism in the colonies are:
1. England focuses on mercantilism and taking advantage of thehttp://www.landofthebrave.info/colonial-houses.htm
colonies
2. Colonists are now catching up with the Industrial Revolution
17. Salem Witchcraft Trials (pg 77-79)
Date: 1692-1693
• These trials were the result of mass
paranoia in New England created by the
strong Puritan influence in communities
• The strict, uptight Puritan religion led
many to have superstitions and paranoia
about some strange women in their
community being witches
• One popular case was that of a group of
sisters appeared to be possessed by a
Native American “witch.”
http://politicalgates.blogspot.com/2014/11/witch-hunts-andtheocracy-then-and-now.html
18. Great Awakening (pg 82-83)
Date: 1730s-1740s
• The Great Awakening was a recall of colonists back
to their faith; they had believed religious piety was
in decline
• The central idea of the Great Awakening was for
people to break away from society and become
people of God
• One method Churches used for bringing people
back to God was using fear. One man who
exemplifies this tactic was Jonathan Edwards of
the Puritans in Massachusetts
• The two results of the Great Awakening were
1. The return of people back to God
2. Turning towards God, and away from British
http://www.libertylawsite.org/2014/10/24/is-it-another-greatauthority
awakening/
19. Jonathan Edwards (pg 82-83)
Date: Born- October 5, 1703
Died- March 22, 1758
• Jonathan Edwards was a devout Puritan in New England, who is
considered one of the most influential speakers of the Great Awakening
• Edwards persuaded the colonists to turn back to God by scaring them,
saying how they would all go to hell with very graphic depictions. This
scared many into turning back to God
• This type of preaching is a literary device known as Jerimiah Preaching
• Edwards preached of the absolute sovereignty of God, predestination,
and salvation by God’s grace alone
• Another result of Edwards preaching was the questioning of British
authority, meaning the colonists turned more towards God, and away
from British authority
http://www.goodreads.com/author/sho
w/75887.Jonathan_Edwards
20. Enlightenment (pg 83)
Date: began in Europe in the early 17th century, continued in
America in the 18th century
• Discoveries in Europe revealed the “natural laws” that
explained the workings of nature
• The Enlightenment showed that rational thought, not
just religious faith, could create progress
• The Enlightenment included the achievements of John
Locke in philosophy, colleges started in America, and
inoculations
• Two big results of the Enlightenment were a bigger
interest in education , politics, and government
• The Enlightenment led to colonists questioning British
authority more and more, because now they were more
educated on the matters
http://shc.stanford.edu/news/research/dark-sideenlightenment
21. French and Indian War (pg 92- 98)
Date: 1754-1763
•
•
•
•
The French and Indian War started because of the friction between
the British and French in North America. Both were expanding to
make their claim on the new continent. There had also been
previous wars before such as Queen Anne’s War creating tension
The War also started over the Iroquois granting the British trading
concessions close to the Ohio Valley. The French viewed this as an
attempt to expand into French land and started building new
fortresses. The English built up their own fortresses. A British
colonel, George Washington, would spark the war in the summer of
1754 with his attack on Fort Duquesne.
The war ended with the French loss at the battle of Quebec and
with the Peace of Paris, in which France ceded some West Indies
islands, most colonies in India and Canada, and all other French
territory east of the Mississippi. The French also ceded New
Orleans and their claims west of the Mississippi to Spain
The biggest result of the French and Indian War was that the British
were now the dominant country in North America. It also created
friction between the colonists and the British over unfair laws put
on them during the war
http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0300/frameset
_reset.html?http://www.nebraskastudies.org/03
00/stories/0301_0116.html
22. Fort Necessity (pg 94)
Date: Summer of 1754
• Fort Necessity was a fort built by a militia from the
British colony of Virginia to challenge French expansion
in the Ohio Valley
• The colonel in charge of this was George Washington
• They built the fort close to the French Fort Duquesne
• The Virginians were unsuccessful in attacking a French
detachment, and the French countered, trapping
Washington and his men inside the fort.
• Washington surrendered and the French and Indian War
started
• The French then lay claim to the spot and made the fort
even bigger
• This marked the beginning of the French and Indian War
http://www.kitgentry.com/roadtrip04_necessity.html
23. William Pitt (pg 94-95)
Date: Born- November 15, 1708
Death- May 11, 1778
• In 1757 William Pitt took over command of the war for the British,
and brought it entirely under British control
• Pitt’s initial plan was to use the colonist to their advantage,
without paying, which the colonists were angered by. His plan
included 3 things:
1. Impressment (forcing colonists to enlist)
2. Forced colonists to shelter soldiers
3. Take food from farms
• After seeing these policies angered the colonists, he relaxed his
policies, and promised to pay them back
• After this, the tide of the war turned for the British, and they
eventually defeated the French
http://www.history.org/almanack/life/politics/pitt.cf
m
24. George Grenville (pg 99-101)
Date: Born- October 14, 1712
Died- November 13, 1770
• George Grenville was made Prime Minister by King George III in
1763
• Grenville had the idea that the colonists should be forced to obey
laws and pay a part of the cost of maintaining an empire
• The Grenville ministry had a line of Acts that greatly impacted the
relationship of the colonies and Britain, causing the Revolutionary
War
1. Proclamation of 1763- no colonists west of the Appalachians
2. Mutiny Act of 1765- colonists provision and maintain army
3. Sugar Act of 1764- halved duties on molasses, raised duty on
sugar, smuggling court cases now held ion British Admiralty courts
4. Stamp Act of 1765- all documents on British paper, with a British
stamp (direct tax)
• Taxes gave the colonists a common goal against the British
http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/yourpaintings/p
aintings/george-grenville-17121770-228992
25. Battle of Quebec (pg 95)
Date: September 13, 1759
British General: Wolfe
French General: Marquis de Montcalm
• End of the French and Indian War
• During the siege of Quebec, General Wolfe of the
British army led his troops up a hidden ravine under
darkness and surprised the larger army of the French,
under Marquis de Montcalm
• The British defeated them in the battle, and this was
the beginning of the end of the war
http://www.britishbattles.com/battle-of-quebec.htm
26. Proclamation of 1763 (pg 100)
Date: 1763
• After the defeat of the French in the French and Indian War,
colonists started moving over the mountains and into Native
American territory in the Ohio Valley.
• An alliance of tribes under Chief Pontiac, struck back
• The British were afraid that the fighting would affect Western
trade, and issued the Proclamation of 1763
• This proclamation stated that the colonists within the British
colonies of America were restricted from moving past the
Appalachians
• The purpose of this was to quell the dissension between the
colonists and the Native Americans west of the mountains
• This angered the colonists because they felt that they had the
right to make their own decisions and take their own risks,
and not have to abide by what Parliament tells them from
across the Atlantic
https://www.haikudeck.com/proclama
tion-of-1763-education-presentationttVP5W7Rs8
27. Pontiac’s War
• Date: 1763
• This was the fighting that ensued after the French and Indian War was
over. The French and Indians had lost, so white colonists immediately
started expanding west into the Ohio River Valley. Parliament was
afraid that the fighting would affect western trade so they passed the
Proclamation of 1763, forbidding expansion past the Appalachian
Mountains. The Indians viewed this as the best thing that could have
happened and hoped it would finally end westward expansion.
• Page 100
28. Treaty of Paris
• Date: February 10, 1763
• The Treaty of Paris was the treaty signed between Great Britain and
France that ended the Seven Years War. The treaty was signed by
both countries who were both looking to ending the war. This treaty
was a huge blow to France who lost almost all of their territory in the
New World. Spain, who sided with Great Britain, received much of
France’s lost land west of the Mississippi, but lost possession of
Florida in order to retain control of Cuba. The British citizens mostly
disapproved of the treaty while the colonists praised it for bringing a
new large amount of land.
29. Sugar Act
• Date: 1764
• This act passed by the British parliament caused there to be a tax on
all sugar and molasses transported or imported into the colonies. This
act didn’t affect all of the people in the colonies because not
everyone transported sugar. It mainly affected the traders along the
coast. However, it was an act that all colonists felt was unfair and
helped to start the resistance against Britain.
• Page 100
30. Stamp Act
• Date: 1765
• This was the act passed by the British that imposed a tax on all
printed documents in the colonies in order to pay off the costs of the
Seven Years War. This was different from the Sugar Act because it
didn’t only affect the traders in the ports, it affected everyone. This
act was strongly resented and repealed in 1766 because of the
resentment of the colonists and the negative effect on trade.
• Page 100
31. Townshend Acts
• Date: 1767
• This was the group of acts passed after most of the earlier acts were
repealed. In this act, there was a tax on lead, paint, paper, and tea.
Townshend also suspended the New York Assembly. Townshend also
placed a commission in Boston which virtually ended smuggling, even
though there still was small-scale smuggling occurring. All colonies
resented the suspension of the New York Assembly and called it a
threat to all state legislatures.
• Page 102
32. Boston Massacre
• March 5, 1770
• This was the incident that happened in Boston when a group of
civilians were throwing rocks and snowballs at a group of British
soldiers stationed at a customs house. There was a scuffle and
someone said, “Fire!”, but to this day we don’t know who said it. The
British soldiers killed 5 civilians when they fired into the crowd. The
soldiers were put on trial and defended by John Adams. They were
only found guilty of manslaughter with token punishment.
• This further enflamed anti-British sentiment throughout the colonies
• Page 103
33. Boston Tea Party
• Date: December 16, 1773
• On this day, 50 men dressed as Mohawk Indians went onboard a
British vessel and dumped the crates of tea into the harbor in order to
protest the new Tea Act imposed by parliament. This event was in the
middle of the day, and there was a crowd watching. This event helped
the resistance movement , especially after parliament closed the port
of Boston. Boston was then seen as the “martyr” of the colonies.
• Britain passed the “intolerable” acts to punish the colonists for this
event
• Page 108
34. Intolerable Acts
• Date: 1774
• The Intolerable Acts, or “Coercive Acts”, were acts placed on Boston
after the series of resistance in the previous years. In these acts, they
closed the port of Boston, drastically reduced the government’s
power in Massachusetts, and then they made the colonists quarter
the troops. These acts backfired on the British and made Boston the
“martyr” of the colonies. The other colonies boycotted British goods
in support of Boston.
• Page 108
35. First Continental Congress
• Date: September, 1774
• This was the meeting between the colonies in Philadelphia to discuss
the situation with Britain. The decided against a colonial union under
British authority. They made a moderate statement of grievances
which demanded the repeal of all oppressive legislature since 1763.
Third, they made defense preparations for a possible attack on
Boston. They also agreed on a series of boycotts to end trade with
Britain. Finally, they agreed to meet next spring.
• Page 110
36. Committees of Correspondence
• Date: 1772
• This was the idea created by Sam Adams to publicize the grievances
against Britain. Other colonies followed Massachusetts’ lead and
created their own committees of correspondence. Now there was a
loose intercolonial network of political organizations to keep the
resistance movement alive.
• Page 104
37. Lexington and Concord
• Date: April 19, 1775
• These were the two first battles of the American Revolution. The
British had gotten word that ammunition and other illegal supplies
were being stored in Concord. General Gage wanted to go there and
surprise the colonists without bloodshed. However, the colonists had
been tracking the movements of the British, and Paul Revere and
William Dawes had their “night rides” to warn that the British were
coming. The British didn’t find the supplies and lost about three times
as many men as the Americans.
• Page 111
38. Second Continental Congress
• Date: 1775
• This was the meeting between representatives of every state besides
Georgia. They all agreed to fight the war, but they were split on what
they were fighting for. Some wanted to gain independence from the
war, and others wanted quick reconciliation with the British. In the
beginning of the war, most didn’t believe that they were fighting for
independence, but soon changed their minds as the war progressed.
• Page 115
39. Olive Branch Petition
• Date: 1775
• This was the petition adopted in the Second Continental Congress. It
was an attempt to “extend the olive branch” and assert the rights of
the colonists while still remaining loyal to Britain. King George refused
to read the petition and said that the colonists were already engaged
in rebellion and war.
• Page: N/A
40. Thomas Paine (1737-1809)
• English writer (p. 116)
• Author of Common Sense (1776)
• 47-page essay advocating for independence
• Called-out the English Constitution’s problems
• “Simple common sense” to break away
• Author of The Crisis
• Wartime propaganda
• Motivation not to stop fighting
41. Declaration of Independence (1776)
• Document drawn up by the Continental Congress in Philadelphia
• America’s formal withdrawal from the British Empire (p. 116)
• Resolved that the Colonies were completely severed from Britain
• Two parts
• Defined government as an institution to protect the rights of the people
• Provided a list of grievances as justification
42. Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)
• Primary author of the Declaration of
Independence (p. 116)
• Greatly contributed to the national identity of
the United States
• First Secretary of State who aspired toward
an agrarian society
• Set the standard for future Secretaries
• Virginian who drew ideas from John Locke
when composing the Declaration
• 33 years old at the time of writing
43. George Washington (1732-1799)
• Commander in chief of the Continental army (p. 117)
• Victories at Trenton and Princeton
• Suffered through the winter at Valley Forge
• Heroism in war made him a popular presidential candidate
• Presided over the Constitutional Convention
• Supported federalist cause
• First President under the Constitution
• General in the French and Indian War
44. Bunker Hill (June 17, 1775)
• First battle of the Revolutionary War
• Actually happened on Breed’s Hill
• 1,000 out of 2,400 British killed
• Boosted colonists’ confidence
• Proof of the home-turf advantage
• Showed that colonists had a chance to win
• Colonists had the high ground and knew the land, but were forced to
withdraw (p. 119)
45. Trenton and Princeton (1776-1777)
• Dec. 25: Washington crossed the Delaware to surprise 1,000 Hessians
• Six days later, when his army was about to be attacked, he moved his
entire force to Princeton in the middle of the night
• Boosted morale
• Since the New Year was drawing close, the men’s contracts were close to
expiration
• The victories kept the army intact (p. 120)
46. British Rev. War Strategy (1775-1783)
• British efforts shifted southward (p. 123)
• Loyalists sentiment strongest in South
• Tried to get slaves to enlist
• Control water to control land
• Socially divide colonies between Patriots and Loyalists
• Strategy failed
• Fewer Loyalists than expected
• Patriots can blend in and attack
47. Valley Forge (Winter of 1777-1778)
• Terrible winter with little to no supplies (p. 121)
• Inadequate food and water
• Very little firewood
• Poor shelter
• Extreme low point for Continental army
• George Washington suffers alongside his men
• Bonds soldiers
• Contributes to Washington’s heroic reputation
• Friedrich von Steuben trains remaining troops
48. Saratoga (October 17, 1777)
• Benedict Arnold vs. Burgoyne (p. 121)
• Rebels destroy British line and use
winter as an asset
• British loss convinces French to join
war as America’s ally
• Showed that fighting would be
worthwhile to France
49. French-American Alliance (1777-1783)
• Begins following the Battle of Saratoga (p. 123)
• France gives America gunpowder and munitions
• Gets ally in New World,
• A chance to weaken Britain,
• And a chance to regain land in North America
• Huge help for American forces since…
• Now they have a navy, more men, and more supplies
• This establishes France as a future trading partner
50. Lord Cornwallis (1738-1805)
• British General named commander of the south
• Crushed Horatio Gates on August 16, 1780 at
Camden (p. 124)
• Surrendered at the end of the war on October
17, 1781 at Yorktown
• His defeating Gates proved that he was a worthy
commander, but his defeat was a precursor to
the end of the war
51. Battle of Yorktown (October 17, 1781)
• Washington and Count de Rochambeau join Marquis de
Lafayette it Virginia to attack Cornwallis (p. 125)
• At the same time, Admiral de Grasse moves up the
Chesapeake Bay to attack from the other side
• Cornwallis surrenders on October 17, 1781
• Caught between land and sea
• Joint operation won the war for America
• Marks the end of the Revolutionary War since Britain
opted not to continue war efforts
52. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
• American diplomat in France (p. 125)
• Helped convince France to ally with America
• Pacified Vergennes as America drew up treaty with Britain
• Came up with Albany Plan
• Marked first call for unity
• Helped write the Declaration of Independence
• Contributed to the Great Compromise
• Federalist who participated in the Constitutional Convention
• Aided in post-revolution peace talks
53. Articles of Confederation pg. 134
• Date 1781-1789
• The Articles of Confederation could conduct wars and
foreign relations, and it could appropriate, borrow, and
issue money.
• The articles of Confederation did not have the power to
regulate trade, draft troops, or levy taxes directly on the
people.
• There was no executive which made it hard to enforce the
government`s power.
• The Articles of Confederation is important because it
showed that the government needed an executive to be
able to rule efficiently. Because of this, the Articles lacked
adeqaute powers to deal with interstate issues or to enforce
its will on the state. So, this is why later in the future they
create the Constitution.
http://mrkash.com/activities/i
mages/ArticlesofConfederatio
n.jpg
54. Land Ordinance of 1785 pg. 135
• Date 1785
• The territory North of the Ohio River was to be
surveyed and marked off into neat rectangular
townships, each divided into 36 identical
sections.
• The government reserved 4 sections in every
township for future use or sale.
• The Land Ordinance of 1785 is important because
it eliminated the uncertainty about property
borders, and it sped the development of western
lands because it made ownership simple and
understandable. It also created a more rural type
of settlement.
http://www.lewishistoricalsociety.com/w
iki/article_image.php?id=92
55. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 pg.137
• Date 1787
• The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 created a single
Northwest territory out of the lands North of Ohio.
• To be granted statehood, the territory had to have a
minimum population of 60,000.
• The Northwest Ordinance also guaranteed freedom
of religion and the right to trial by jury.
• It also prohibited slavery.
• The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 is important
because it never said what to do with states South
of the Ohio River. So states like Kentucky and
Tennessee, who where slave states, developed
quickly and asked for statehood. So this helped to
set the stage for the balancing act between free and
slave states. It also helped set a precedent by which
the United States would expand westward.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwe
st_Ordinance#mediaviewer/File:North
west-territory-usa-1787.png
56. Shay’s Rebellion pg. 139
• Date 1786- January 1787
• The Confederation had an enormous debt from
the revolutionary war.
• The states also had war debts and relied on
increased taxation to pay them.
• This caused poor farmers to be angry so Daniel
Shays led a rebellion in Massachusetts.
• He had a set of demands which included paper
money, tax relief, a moratorium on debts, and the
abolition of imprisonment for debt.
• In January 1787 the rebellion was destroyed.
• Shay’s Rebellion is important because it because it
made people think what will happen if they can`t
defeat the rebellion. This event added urgency to http://shaysrebellion.stcc.edu/narratives
the movement to produce a new, national
/views/petition_protest_detail.jpg
constitution.
57. Alexander Hamilton pg. 142
• Date January 11, 1755- July 12, 1804
• Alexander Hamilton was a resourceful advocate
for a stronger national government.
• He was a federalist and and the secretary of
treasury.
• He wanted to buy up all of the states debt from
the war so that the sates would owe money to
the government. This would make the
government very powerful
• Hamilton also wanted a National Bank and over
many debates he got one in 1791.
• Hamilton is important because he made the
government extremely powerful and was able
to create a national bank. He helped introduce
international trade to help improve the
economy, and he helped to overhaul the
Articles of Confederation to create a new
http://a4.files.biography.com/image/uploa
constitution.
d/c_fill,dpr_1.0,g_face,h_300,q_80,w_300/
MTE5NDg0MDU0OTg3MjQ1MDcx.jpg
58. James Madison pg. 144, 145, 147
• Date March 16, 1751- June 28, 1836
• James Madison was a federalist and the fourth
president of the United States
• Along with writing the Virginia Plan, he helped
write the constitution.
• He also came up with the idea of popular
sovereignty, the power comes ffrom the
people.
• He create the idea of checks and balances.
• James Madison is significant because without
him there would be no constitution. Also, with
his ideas of popular sovereignty and checks
and balances, it helped to run the government
by what the people want and it helped so that
no one branch could gain too much power.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com
mons/1/1d/James_Madison.jpg
59. VA/NJ Plan pg. 144
•
•
•
•
Date 1787
The Virginia Plan was written by James Madison and
Edmund Randolph. This plan wanted a bicameral legislature
(Senate and House of Representative). Big states likes this
plan because the elections were based on population since
voters elect the lower house( House of Representatives),
and then the lower house elects the upper house( Senate).
The New Jersey Plan was written by William Patterson and it
proposed the idea of a unicameral. Small sates like this since
each state would only receive one vote. Therefore, it
creates and equal amount of say in power.
These plans are important because they were both
combined in the Great Comprise. This called for a two
house legislature, it said that the lower house would be
elected on population and the upper house would be
represented equally with 2 members a piece. They would
count each slave as 3/5ths a person. This compromise did
leave unresolved issues of individual rights which will later
come into play with the Bill of Rights after the Constitution
of 1787
https://apgovernmentchs.wikispaces.com/
file/view/gr_comp2.gif/366566204/338x3
17/gr_comp2.gif
60. Checks and Balances pg. 146
• Date 1791
• Checks and balances is the idea that each
different branch of government would be
constantly competing with each other so no
one could have more power than the other.
• This is important because it will protect the
United States from the kind of despotism that
Americans believed had emerged in England.
But, it was also designed to protect the nation
from the tyranny of the people as seen in
Shay’s Rebellion
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_IwjimJWE5_M
/TCGAcyr9cI/AAAAAAAAAF0/2st5BRbNOXc/s320/
adlit08_img_saagovt3.gif
61. Bill of Rights pg. 150
• Date December 15, 1791
• Anti- Federalists complained about not
having a Bill of Rights. They thought that
only by enumerating the national rights of
the people could there be any certainty that
those rights would be protected. Even
Madison had come to agree that some sort
of Bill of Rights would be essential to
legitimize the new government in the eyes
of its opponents.
• The Bill of Rights are important because it
gives every man, whether rich or poor, the
same rights that are given at birth and can
never be taken away. Also nine out of the
ten placed limitations on the government so
they won`t become a tyranny.
http://www.legendsofamerica.com/photosamericanhistory/bill%20of%20rights.jpg
62. National Bank Debate pg. 153
• Date 1791
• The National Bank debate was between
Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton.
Thomas Jefferson is against this plan
because it could make the government
much bigger than the writers of the
constitution intended. Over many debates
Hamilton proved that the ability for him to
have a bank wasn’t enumerated but
implied. Hamilton said that it was necessary
and proper to execute his power. This is
called the elastic clause.
• This is important because the government is
becoming a lot larger. Now there's not just
things enumerated in the constitution but
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/history/foner/ja
there`s is also things that are implied.
cksonian_america/week6pols_and_social_issues/bank_war.jpg
63. Whiskey Rebellion pg. 154
• Date 1794
• The Whiskey Rebellion started after farmers in
western Pennsylvania refused to pay the new
whiskey excise tax and began terrorizing tax
collectors in the region. Washington then
ordered a group of 15,000 militiamen to end
the rebellion.
• The Whiskey Rebellion is important because,
unlike the Shay’s rebellion, it shows how
much different the United states has changed
and how much more productive it can be with
an executive. It also won the allegiance of the
rebels through intimidation and won the
loyalties of other western people.
http://static6.businessinsider.com/image/4b0c1d6
e00000000002eecff-400-300/the-whiskeyrebellion-of-1794.jpg
64. Jay’s and Pickney’s Treaties pg 156
• Date: Jay’s Treaty 1794 Pickney’s Treaty 1795
• Jay’s Treaty was supposed to secure compensation for
the recent British assaults on American shipping,
demand withdrawal of British forces from their posts on
the frontier of the united States, and negotiate a
commercial treaty with Britain. However, this treaty
failed. Instead, it settled conflict with Britain, it provided
for undisputed American sovereignty over the entire
Northwest and produced a commercial relationship.
• Pickney’s treaty was a success because Spain recognized
the right of Americans to navigate the Mississippi to its
mouth and to deposit goods at New Orleans for
reloading on oceangoing ships. The treaty fixed the
northern boundary of Florida along the 31st parallel, and
the treaty prohibited the Indians to cross the border of
Florida.
• Both treaties are significant because they create
relationships with other nations. Jay’s treaty will cause
tension with France, and Pickney’s treaty opens up the
Mississippi River for U.S. traffic.
https://figures.boundless.com/81
00/full/pinckney.gif
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wik
ipedia/commons/c/cd/Jay'streaty.jpg
65. XYZ Affair pg. 157
• Date 1798- 1800
• French vessels captured American ships, so
Adams appointed a bipartisan commission to
negotiate with France. However, when the
Americans arrived three agents, called X, Y and
Z in America, asked for money before in order
to meet. When Adams heard about this he
sent a message to congress to prepare for war.
• This is important because it will cause the
Quasi War, when the U.S. navy captured 85
French ships and disrupted each others trade. http://www.hermesOverall, this is important because it shows
press.com/xyz.jpg
how France views the U.S. and how
unimportant they think the U.S is.
66. Alien and Sedition Acts (pg. 158)
• Date: 1798
• Passed by John Adams
• Alien Act
• Gave Gov’t the power to deport foreigners
• Raised the voting requirement to 14 years of residence in the U.S. for foreigners
• Sedition Act
• Prohibited public opposition to the Gov’t
• Allowed Gov’t to prosecute those who criticized the Gov’t
• Significance
• Harder for immigrants to obtain citizenship
• Gov’t could limit opposition
http://www.sonofthesouth.net/revolutionarywar/patriots/john-adams.jpg
67. Election of 1800 (pg.159)
• Date: 1800
• Adams – Federalist
• Jefferson – Republican
• Jefferson appeared to be elected after winning New york
• Jefferson (presidential candidate) and Burr (Vice Presidential candidate) tie
• Republicans intended for one elector not to vote for Burr
• Election went to House of Reps., Jefferson elected President
• After election the federalists only held the judiciary branch
• This election proved significant because it was a peaceful transfer of power
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/T
homas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale,_1800.jpg
68. Judiciary Act of 1801 (pg. 160)
• Date: 1801
• Reduced the number of supreme court judges by one
• Increased the number of Federal judgeships
• Adams appointed Federalists to these positions
• John Marshall appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
• “midnight appointments” on last night of Adams’ term
• The Judiciary Act of 1801 allowed the Federalists to prevent Republican majority
http://www.loc.gov/rr/mss/guide/ms029017.jpg
69. Eli Whitney (pg. 169)
• Date: 1793
• Invented Cotton Gin
• Cotton Gin removed seeds from short staple cotton
• Quicker
• More efficient than cleaning by hand
• Increase in slavery
• Cotton Gin allowed short staple cotton to spread throughout the south
• Slaves were needed to pick the cotton
• Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin increased cotton production and slavery in the
south. It also created sectionalism as the south became more dependent
on cotton and slaves while the north focused on manufacturing
http://www.eliwhitney.org/7/sites/default/file
s/cottongin1s.jpg
70. Marbury v. Madison (pg. 177)
• Date: 1803
• Marbury had been appointed to the Supreme Court
• Commission was not delivered when Adams left office
• Jefferson took office
• Madison does not deliver commission
• Marbury goes to the Supreme Court
• Supreme Court decides they do not have the power to order Madison to deliver the commission
• The Judiciary Act of 1789 is ruled unconstitutional
• The decision increased the power of the Supreme Court
• Established the power judicial review
• Supreme Court now has the power to nullify an act of Congress
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
d/d0/Marbury.jpg
71. Louisiana Purchase (pg. 179)
• Date: April 30, 1803
• Napoleon offered the entire Louisiana territory to the U.S.
• Robert Livingston and James Monroe purchased the territory for the U.S.
• $15 million
• U.S. grants commercial privileges to France in the port of New Orleans
• U.S. incorporates residents of Louisiana into the union with the same rights and privileges as other citizens
• Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the U.S.
• Access to Port of New Orleans
• The new land allowed parts of the U.S. to become the agrarian society Jefferson wanted
http://vignette4.wikia.nocookie.net/uncyclopedia/i
mages/8/8b/800pxUnited_States_Louisiana_Purchase_states.png/revis
ion/latest?cb=20110507165818
72. Lewis and Clark (pg. 180)
• Date: 1803
• Went on an expedition to explore the Louisiana territory
• Cross the continent to the Pacific Ocean
• Gather geographical facts
• Investigate prospects for trade with Indians
• Expedition left from St. Louis
• Four dozen men
• Sacajawea was their interpreter
• Expedition discovered a water route to the Pacific Ocean
http://history.nd.gov/exhibits/lewisclark/images/L&C.jpg
73. War of 1812 (pg. 188)
• Date: 1812
• U.S. and Britain
• Fought over British impressment of American sailors
• Put-in Bay won by Americans
• Oliver Hazard Perry
• Take control of Lake Erie
• Americans Invade Canada at Battle of the Thames
• William Henry Harrison
• Tecumseh killed
• War ended with the Treaty of Ghent
• Did not address Impressment
http://www.quia.com/files/quia/users/
timdick55/1812/war-of-1812-poster
74. Battle of Baltimore (pg. 189)
• Date: Sept. 1814
• The British invaded Baltimore through the Chesapeake Bay
• Americans were able to sink several British ships at Fort McHenry
• British forced to bombard the fort from a distance
• British withdrew from Baltimore the next day
• Francis Scott Key
• Star spangled Banner
• Battle won by the U.S.
https://armyhistory.org/wpcontent/uploads/2014/07/D-5-Ft-McHenryunder-fire-1024x664.jpg
75. Battle of New Orleans (pg. 189)
• Date: Jan. 8, 1815
• Andrew Jackson fights the war
• Last campaign of the war of 1812
• Jackson’s men defeat 8,000 British troops
• British lost 2,000 men
• War had ended several weeks before battle
• Andrew Jackson becomes a national Hero
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm
ons/3/35/Battle_of_New_Orleans.jpg
76. Andrew Jackson (pg. 188)
• Date: 1814
• General in the Tenn. State Militia
• Fought in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend
• The Creek Indians ceded most of their land to the U.S.
• Jackson received a commission as major general in the U.S. Army
• Became a national hero in the Battle of New Orleans
• Andrew Jackson later used this fame to win the Presidency
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/6/64/Andrew_Jackson.jpg
77. Treaty of Ghent (pg. 191)
• Date: Dec. 24, 1814
• Armistice signed Christmas Eve 1814
• Ended fighting in the war of 1812
• Did not address the demands of both countries
• The victory over Britain created a growing sense of National pride in the United States.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Signing_of_Treaty_of_Ghent_(1
812).jpg/350px-Signing_of_Treaty_of_Ghent_(1812).jpg
78. Great Migration (pg. 198)
• Date: 1820
• Many Americans moved west following the war
• More land
• Indian Tribes were pushed further west
• Population growth in the east
http://s3.timetoast.com/public/uploads/photos/21030
04/westward%20expansion.jpg?1326895959
79 Era of Good Feelings pg. 201
• 1817-1825
• Referred to the mood of the US as it was
expanding following the War of 1812
• Optimistic and peaceful
• It brought the emergence of the
Republican Party in opposition to the
Federalist Party that had dominated part
up to that point
• James Monroe re-elected president and
the country was more united than ever
before
Era of Good Feelings
80 Adams-Onis Treaty pg. 204
• 1819
• Treaty between America and Spain
• Spain ceded all of Florida to the United States and gave
up its claim to territory north of the 42nd parallel in the
Pacific Northwest
• The American government gave up its claims to Texas—
for a time
• Was one of the critical events that defined the US-Mexico
border
• Was the source of heated international debate and
helped lead to the Mexican War
Adams-Onis Treaty
81 Missouri Compromise pg. 205
• 1820
• Two-part compromise
• Admitted Missouri as a slave state and
Maine as a free state
• Established a boundary between free and
slave regions across the Louisiana territory
• It was the first example of the tensions
between slave and free states
• This maintained the balance between
the free and slave states
Missouri Compromise
82 John Marshall pg. 206
• 1801-1835
• Chief justice of the US from 1801-1835
• He was a leading Federalist and prominent Virginia lawyer,
and had served John Adams as secretary of State
• Failed to deliver Marbury’s commission
• In 1801, Adams had appointed him chief justice, and
almost immediately Marshall established himself as the
dominant figure of the court, shaping virtually all
important rulings, including Marbury v. Madison
John Marshall
83 Monroe Doctrine pg. 209
• December 2, 1823
• A policy stated by President
Monroe, written by Sec.. Of State
John Quincy Adams
• Europe could not recolonize any
colony it lost
• America didn’t need any help from
other countries and they were
independent
• It made other countries respect
America as a power more
• Was helpful in American expansion
Monroe Doctrine
84 Corrupt Bargain pg. 210
• 1824
• John Adams appointed Henry Clay
as the Secretary of State after he
won the election between him,
Jackson, and Clay
• The Secretary of State was the
stepping stone to becoming president
• Clay supported Adams
• Jackson was very angry
• Showed the political corruption
and disputes that were now
beginning to take place in America
Corrupt Bargain
85 Tariff of Abominations pg. 211
• May 19, 1828
• Bill signed by John Quincy Adams
• Tariff on imported goods
• Raised prices on manufactured
goods angering the South, who had
to buy goods from the North
• Greatly increased Southern
resentment toward the North,
helping to lead to the Civil War
Tariff of Abominations
86 Election of 1828 pg. 211
• 1828
• Two-party system
• John Quincy Adams: National
Republicans
• Andrew Jackson: Democratic
Republicans
• Both parties tried to gain support
by accusing the other party
• Jackson won
• Showed how politics in America
were becoming more heated and
people were willing to go very far to
support their party
Election of 1828
87 Spoils System pg. 218
• 1829-1837
• The process of a president rewarding one’s
supporters with offices
• Basically giving out jobs as political rewards
• Andrew Jackson was the first president to use it
• Jackson believed that he had a mandate from
the people to act unilaterally in government
and used this mandate to appoint whomever
he wanted to governmental positions
• Helped cement the Spoils System’s place in party
politics
Spoils System
88 Jackson’s Democratic Reforms pg. 217
• 1829-1837
• Promoted Nationalism and federal power
• Destroyed the National Bank and put federal
deposits in pet banks
• Hurt the economy drastically
• The first president to use the veto
• Promoted the Indian Removal Act
• Put a huge dent in the Native American
population
• Helped America expand westward
• Began the Spoils System
• Created the two-party system
Jackson’s Democratic Reforms
89 John C. Calhoun pg. 219
• 1832
• Andrew Jackson’s vice president
• Developed the theory of nullification
• Argued that since the federal government was a
creation of the states, the states—not the courts
or Congress-were the final arbiters of the
constitutionality of federal laws
• If a state concluded that Congress had passed an
unconstitutional law, then it could hold a special
convention and declare the federal law null and
void within the state
• The first vice president to resign from office
John C. Calhoun
90 Cult of Domesticity pg. 258
• 1837
• Provided many women greater material
comfort than they had enjoyed in the past
and placed a higher value on their “female
virtues”
• Left women increasingly detached from
the public world, with fewer outlets for
their interests and energies
• Showed the growing concern for women’s
rights
Cult of Domesticity
91 Nullification Crisis pg. 221
• 1832
• South Carolina responded angrily to a
congressional tariff bill that offered them no
relief from the 1828 tariff of abominations
• Jackson insisted that nullification was treason
and proposed a force bill authorizing the
president to use the military to see that acts of
Congress were obeyed
• Henry Clay devised a compromise by which the
tariff would be lowered gradually so that by
1842 it would reach approximately the same
level as in 1816
• Helped lead to the South seceding from the US
Nullification Crisis
92. Trail of Tears (pg. 223)
• Date: 1830-1838
• Nearly 125,000 Native Americans lived in the states
of Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina, and
Florida in 1830. They followed after their ancestors and
took up many acres of land.
• Andrew Jackson was a strong proponent for those Indians to
move westward. In May of 1830, he passed the Indian Removal
Act which granted him the right to give unsettled lands west of
the Mississippi in exchange for the existing Indian lands.
• This forced thousands of Indians to migrate into the Oklahoma
Territory for a new life. During the trip, eventually known as the
http://www.aboutnorthgeorgia.com/ang/Cher
okee_Trail_of_Tears
“Trail of Tears”, thousands of Natives died from disease.
• The native tribes forced to move were known as “The Five Civilized
Tribes” consisting of Choctaw, Seminole, Cherokee, Creek and Chickasaw.
93. The “Monster” Bank (pg 225-6)
• Date: 1832-1841
• Andrew Jackson considered the Second Bank of the United States as
an unlawful institution whose license violated state sovereignty and
authority. He wins the election of 1832 signifying that many people
agree with him on the bank situation.
• In 1832, the president of the US Bank, Nicholas Biddle, along with
Senators Henry Clay and Daniel Webster decided to submit an early
petition for the renewal of the Bank's charter to Congress.
• This recharter bill passed both houses of Congress but due to
Jackson’s strong dislike of the bank, he vetoed the bill. He did not
want to “make the rich richer” by way of the bank.
• Jackson had the government deposits removed as well as creating
his own “pet banks.” These local, state banks supported Jackson and
his campaign.
• The Whig party was created in opposition to the so called tyrant
they believed Jackson to be. Although, despite all of this
controversy, he still overwhelmingly wins the election of 1832.
http://www.shmoop.com/jacksonera/economy.html
94. The Emergence of the Whig Party (pg. 227)
• Date: 1833
• The Whig Party was formed in opposition to Andrew
Jackson’s political policies after the Bank War and
nullification crisis. This emergence meant that the nation
once again had two competing political parties.
• The Whigs called for an Industrial Revolution while the
Democrats vowed for opportunity. Irish and German
Catholics swayed towards the Democrats. The Protestants
gravitated to the Whigs because of the promised constant
development and improvement.
• The Whig party was more successful in defining its
position than it was at uniting behind one leader. They
relied upon the “Great Triumvirate” of Henry Clay, Daniel
Webster, and John C. Calhoun opposing Jackson.
• The Whigs ended up with four US presidents before being
dissolved from American politics in 1860.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/com
mons/5/59/Clay44.JPG
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/The_times_panic_183
7.jpg
95. Panic of 1837 (pg. 229)
• Date: 1837
• From 1835-1837, the economy was booming with prices rising and land sales increasing. For once
in US History, the national treasury was not in debt and had a substantial surplus of money. The
government then had to distribute the money to states as loans. The withdrawal of federal funds
strained the state banks and had to call their own loans for transfers.
• In 1836, Jackson issued the “specie circular” in which the government would only accept currency
backed by gold or silver for the payment of public land sales. This executive order produced a
financial panic that began in the first months of Martin van Buren’s presidency.
• Martin van Buren, elected president in 1836, could not match Andrew Jackson’s personal
charisma and popularity. His administration suffered from these great economic difficulties that
became known as the Panic of 1837. He did little to fight the depression caused by Jackson.
Although, he did propose an “independent treasury” for the funding. This proposal failed in the
House at first but eventually got passed in 1840. In the end, the panic effected almost the entire
nation and was a catastrophe for van Buren’s administration.
96. The Log Cabin Campaign (pg. 231)
• Date: 1840
• With 1840’s election approaching, the Whig’s were in need for a single candidate to run for
president. They chose former military hero William Henry Harrison.
• The Whig’s strategy was to avoid discussions on the nation’s major issues such as slavery and the
bank. They decided to carry the slogan for Harrison, “the log cabin and hard cider candidate”,
which was originally brought on by the Democrats. They depicted van Buren, the opposing
Democrat, as a wealthy snob with Harrison as an original, poor, common man from the West. It
was actually the direct opposite in their respective early years. Harrison campaigned vigorously
and his administration became known as the Log Cabin Campaign.
• This operation worked well and Harrison was voted in as the 9th president of the US before dying
a month after his inauguration. A large part of why Harrison was voted in was because of van
Buren’s failed attempts to stop the depression in his term.
http://media1.shmoop.com/media/i
mages/large/log-cabin.jpg
97. Nativism (pg. 241)
https://www.uta.edu/faculty/kulesz/Engl%2033
40/native1.jpg
• Date: 1837
• Many politicians in the mid-1800’s, especially Democrats, supported
the large amounts of immigrants coming the states. Others, however,
disliked the foreigners. Many argued the racial inferiority of them. They
complained that the immigrants were taking jobs from the native
workforce. Out of this anger emerged a new political group known as
nativism or the Native American Party.
• This group joined with other nativist societies and demanded a ban of
Catholic immigrants from holding public office, and establishing a
literacy test for voting.
• Ultimately, followers of this party became known as “Know-Nothings”,
and would use violence to earn votes. The Know Nothings had success
in a few states, particularly in 1854, but never got enough attention for
a legitimate president. The strength of the party dissipated after the
mid-1850’s. In the end, the Know Nothings took many lives due to the
violent measures that they would take for votes.
98. The Erie Canal (pg. 242)
• Date: 1817
• In the early 1800’s, steamboats were replacing slow barges
which left a need for larger rivers or canals. In 1817, the US
began building a large canal financed from New York and
other states. The canal was a simple ditch 40 feet wide and
4 feet deep. Although, the canal still involved tons of work.
• The canal would end up 350 miles long stretching from
upper New York to Lake Erie, hence the name it was given,
the Erie canal.
• The Erie canal was the greatest construction project the US
had ever undertaken. It allowed the Americans to ship crops
eastward cheaper. Also, it increased settlement in the
Northwest. Most importantly, the canal gave New York
access to Chicago, Illinois.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Lo
ckport_bartlett_color_crop.jpg
99. Telegraph (pg. 246)
• Date: 1837
• Before the 1830’s, communication could only be achieved by
direct contact which could be an aggravation. A professor named
Samuel Morse started experimenting ways to achieve long
distance communication in 1832. Eventually, Morse along with a
few other inventors created a system that could transmit electric
signals over a wire between two stations. In addition to this,
Morse designed a code that assigned a set of dots and dashes to
each letter of the alphabet. This allowed for the simple
transmission of complex messages across telegraph lines.
• Both of these were ground breaking inventions at the time. In
1844, Morse sent out the first “Morse code” telegraph message.
It became much easier to communicate and very helpful for
railroad workers. Although the telegraph is not used a great deal
anymore, the telephones that replaced it were led on by this
invention.
http://battellemedia.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/06/morse_telegraph_key.jpeg
100. Railroad (pg. 244)
• Date: mid-1800’s
• Although railroads played a small role in the 1820’s and
1830’s, the surge took off by the 1860’s. By then, railroads
were the main source of transports taking over canals and
other forms of transportation.
• The first company to begin the operations on railroads was the
Baltimore and Ohio. They opened a 13 mile track in 1830
while the Mohawk and Hudson began running a 16 mile train
between Schenectady and Albany a year later.
• The triumph of the rails had many effects on the nation.
Building required massive amounts of capital. Most of this
money came from government funding. Although, wherever
railroads went, towns and farms grew rapidly at their routes.
They also diverted traffic away from the main water routes
such as the Erie Canal and Mississippi River. Lastly, the
railroads led to other significant technological advances and
made the US a symbol of great technological expertise.
https://www.nwcouncil.org/media/24496/rail
road_sm.jpg