TECHNOLOGY
MANAGEMENT
Awaluddin Mohamed Shaharoun
Email : awaludin@ic.utm.my
prof.awaluddin@gmail.com
Session 1
Introduction
ABOUT MYSELF
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B. Eng from the University of Liverpool, UK in 1979
Masters Degree in Industrial Engineering and Production
Management from Cranfield University in 1983.
PhD in CIM from Loughborough University of Technology
in 1994
Deputy-Dean at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
UTM from 1986-1995 in c/o of Post-grad studies, R&D
and commercialisation
Executive Director , Business And Advanced Technology
Centre (BATC)
Dean UTM Razak School of Engineering and Advanced
Technology
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia International Campus, Jalan
Semarak, Kuala Lumpur
Research areas include advanced manufacturing
technology, manufacturing business management
Objectives of Course
• To discuss the history of Engineering Management
• Aspects of Management Processes
• Engineers as Managers
• Technology Change and innovation
• Technology acquisition
• To provide a general management level of
understanding/cross-functional view.
• The course requires a substantial amount of reading for
most sessions. Good case preparation/active
participation necessary.
• The course is rated at 3 credits and is designed to have
participants apply some of the ideas from the week at
some of their own companies including:
- Produce a written document PMA with recommendations
Assessment
• 4 Case-Studies (10 X 4)
• Class Participation
• PMA
40 %
10 %
50 %
Engineering &
its Origin
Origins of Engineering
• The word engineer stems from the Latin word
ingenium, which meant a talent, natural
capacity or clever invention
• Early applications of “clever inventions” were
often military ones
• Ingeniarous became one of several words
applied to builders of such inventions
Heritage
What ever the name the
roots of engineering lie
earlier than the time of
the Romans.
William Wickenden (1947)
explained this well
• Engineering was an art for
long centuries before it
became a science. Its origins
go back to utmost
antiquity…the primitive
smelters of iron and copper,
the ancient workers in
bronze and steel; the
discoverers of the lever, the
wheel and the screw truss
Beginnings of Engineering
Education
• 1716 – The French Government under Louis XV formed a
civilian engineering corps, the Corps des Ponts et Chausées
• 1747 - École des Ponts et Chausées founded to train the corps
• 1802 – U.S. Military Academy established as a school for
engineer officers
• 1862 – Morrill Act authorizes federal aid to the states for
establishing colleges of agriculture and the mechanic arts
• 1890 – Cambridge added a program in “mechanical science”
• 1909 – Oxford adds a chair in “engineering science”
Engineering as a Profession
What is a profession?
• Profession: a calling requiring specialized knowledge and
often long and intensive preparation including instruction in
skills and methods as well as in the scientific, historical or
scholarly principles underlying such skills and methods,
maintaining by force of organization or concerted opinion
high standards of achievement and conduct, and committing
its members to continual study and to a kind of work which
has for its prime purpose the rendering of a public service.
(Webster’s Third International Dictionary)
Engineering as a Profession
• The first issue of the English Journal –
Engineering (1866) began with a description –
the profession of the engineer, as defined in
the charter Telford obtained [in 1818 for the
Institute of Civil Engineers], for himself and
his associates from [King] George the Fourth
– ‘ the art of directing the great sources of
power in nature, for the use and convenience
of Man”
Engineering as a Profession
Modern Definition
– the profession in which knowledge of the
mathematical and natural sciences gained by
study, experience and practice is applied with
judgment to develop ways to utilize economically,
the materials and forces of nature for the benefit
of mankind. (1979 ECPD, the precursor to ABET)
What Do Engineers Do?
• En-gi-neer-ing n 1: the art of managing
engines 2.: the application of science and
mathematics by which the properties of matter
and the sources of energy in nature are made
useful to man in structures, machines,
products, systems, and processes.
Types of Engineers
•
Aerospace Engineering
• Industrial Engineering
•
Ceramic/Materials
Engineering
• Manufacturing Engineering
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• Mechanical Engineering
Chemical Engineering
• Other Engineers
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Civil Engineering
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Electrical/Computer
Engineering
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Environmental Engineering
Civil Engineer
Civil Engineering is a broad engineering discipline that incorporates many different
aspects of engineering. As a CE, you generally would work in one of the following
areas:
1. In Private Practice: Plans, designs, constructs and operates physical works and
facilities used by the public.
2. In Academia: Teaches students the fundamentals of civil engineering. Also
involved in research in order to advance the state-of-the-art.
3. In Public Practice: Involved in city and/or regional planning, layout and
construction of highways and pipelines.
4. In Combination with other Disciplines: A Civil Engineering degree combined
with an other degree such as: Engineering Geologist, Engineering Economist, or
Engineer/Attorney
Civil Engineering itself is composed of various different areas of engineering. The
general types of Civil Engineers include: Construction Management Engineer,
Geotechnical Engineer, Public Works Engineer,
Research Engineer, Structural Engineer, Transportation Engineer,
and Water Resources Engineer
Electrical and Computer
Engineer
• What is Electrical Engineering?
Simply put, electrical engineering is the application
of the laws of physics governing electricity,
magnetism, and light to develop products and
services for the benefit of humankind.
• Okay, so what is Computer Engineering?
Computer Engineering is the design, construction,
implementation, and maintenance of computers and
computer controlled equipment for the benefit of
humankind
Mechanical Engineer
• Perhaps the broadest of all the engineering disciplines in its
range of activities and functions
• Concerned with design, manufacture and operation of a wide
range of components, devices, or systems:
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microscopic parts to gigantic gears
more efficient heating, ventilation, refrigeration
laser technology
biomedical applications
automotive industry
computer-aided design, automation, robotics
predictive maintenance and reliability technologies
Industrial Engineer
• Simply put, industrial engineering is the
application of engineering methods and the
principles of scientific management to the
design, improvement, and installation of
integrated systems of people, materials,
information equipment and energy.
Manufacturing Engineer
From Latin word Manu Factum- (Made by Hand)
Manufacturing means making things. Manufacturing
engineers direct and coordinate the processes for
making things - from the beginning to the end. As
businesses try to make products better and at less
cost, it turns to manufacturing engineers to find out
how. Manufacturing engineers work with all aspects
of manufacturing from production control to
materials handling to automation.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The role of engineers have grown until it is
regarded as a profession
2. As technology advances different forms of
engineering professions has evolved and
grown
BRIEF OVERVIEW OF
MANAGEMENT THINKING
What is an organization?
• A group of people working together
in a structured and coordinated
fashion to achieve
a set of goals.
What is Management?
• A set of activities
– planning and decision making, organizing,
leading, and controlling
directed at an organization’s resources
– human, financial, physical, and information
with the aim of achieving organizational goals in
an efficient and effective manner.
Basic Purpose of Management
EFFICIENTLY
Using resources wisely
and
in a cost-effective way
And
EFFECTIVELY
Making the right decisions and
successfully implementing them
What is a Manager?
• Someone whose primary responsibility is to
carry out the management process.
• Someone who plans and makes decisions,
organizes, leads, and controls
human, financial, physical,
and information resources.
Managerial Roles-Mintzberg
• Interpersonal
– Figurehead
– Leader
– Liaison
• Informational
– Monitor
– Disseminator
– Spokesperson
Managerial Roles-Mintzberg,
cont.
• Decisional
– Entrepreneurial
– Disturbance Handler
– Resource Allocator
– Negotiator
Functions of Managers-Henry
Fayol
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Planning
Organizing
Command
Coordination
Control
Functions of Managers- Kootz
• Planning
• Organizing
– Staffing
• Leading
• Controlling
Engineering Management
• Direct supervision of engineers or/of
engineering functions
• Or,-application of quantifiable methods and
techniques to practice of management
Management Philosophies
• Scientific
• Administrative
• Behavioral
Scientific Management
• Charles Babbage:
Grandfather of
Scientific Management
– Difference Engine
Division of labor
Scientific Management
• Frederic W. Taylor: Father of Scientific
Management
– Time and Motion Studies
– Believed in selecting, training, teaching, and
developing workers
Scientific Management
• Frank B. Gilbreth: Devised
a system for classifying
hand motions into 17 basic
divisions
• Lillian Moller Gilbreth:
First Lady of Management
• Henry L. Gantt: Gantt
Charts
Administrative Management
• Henri Fayol: Engineer
• Russell Robb: Pioneer
of Organizational
Theory
• Lyndall Urwick:
Developed a Unified
Body of Knowledge
Administrative Management
• Max Weber: Major influence in a classical
organizational theory
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Division of labor
Hierarchy of authority
Employment based on expertise
Inflexible
Rigid
Impersonal
Behavioral Management- Hawthorne Studies
Elton Mayo
Original intent was to find the
level of illumination that
made the work of female
coil winders, relay
assemblers, and small parts
inspectors more efficient.
Conclusions
Paying attention to workers
actually increase
productivity
Hawthorne Studies
• Illumination study(1924-27)
– Vannevar Bush (MIT)
• Relay room experiments (1927-32)
• Wiring room experiments (1931-32)
– Elton Mayo (Harvard)
Illumination Study
(find optimum lighting level)
Light
Production
Light
Production
24 fc
Up
24 fc
Up
46 fc
Up
24 fc
Up
70 fc
Up
24 fc
Up
10 fc
Up
24 fc
Up
3 fc
Up
24 fc
Up
0.06 fc
Down
24 fc
Up
Relay Room Experiments
(explain illumination results)
• Six female workers removed from production
line to form a “team”
• No supervision, but closely monitored
• Test variables
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Length and frequency of breaks
Length of work day
Length of work week
All changes resulted in increased output
(absenteeism dropped 65%)
Wiring Room Experiment
• 11 men working together
– Production rates stabilized at a norm,
even though pay was by the piece
– Those above or below the norm were
ridiculed and abused
– Complex social group and hierarchy
Hawthorne Outcomes
• “Hawthorne Effect” – studied people behave
differently
• Theory Y – People are intelligent, motivated,
hard workers
• Self-Directed Teams – Work groups form an
organization without supervision.
• Implications for control
Behavioral Management- Abraham
Maslow
Hierarchical theory of
human needs
Biological /
Physiological Needs
Security / Safety
Needs
Social Needs
Ego Needs
Self-actualization
Fulfillment
McGregor
Theory X
• Manager
– Responsible for all
– Controller
– Enforcer
• Workers
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Unmotivated
Lazy
Dumb
Uncommitted
Theory Y
• Manager
– Shares responsibility
– Enabler, coach
– Leader
• Workers
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Motivated
Hard working
Intelligent
Committed
Contemporary Management IssuesApplied Perspectives
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Peter Senge- Learning organisation
Steven Covey- 7 habits
Tom Peters- In Search of Excellence
Michael Hammer- BPR
Scott Adams- Cartoon Dilbert
Peter Drucker- knowledge worker
Michael Porter- 5 forces analysis
Robert Kaplan- Balanced Scorecard
CONCLUSIONS
1. Managerial thinking has also evolved to help
manage engineering and non-engineering
organisations
2. Technology, engineers and managers need to
work in synergy to help organisations grow
and flourish
Discussions
Modern management have been influenced by
the changes in scientific, behavioural and
organisational theories since the last 150 years.
Assess the roles of these theories in modern
management of manufacturing organisations
and what do you see as trends for the future?