Saluki Engineering Company
Presents
HOT SEATS
Design Report
Team 25
Project number: SP2010-25-HOT SEATS
April 27, 2010
Saluki Engineering Company
Saluki Engineering Company
Southern Illinois University-Carbondale
Carbondale, IL 62901
April 26, 2010
Dr. Harackiewicz
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Southern Illinois University Carbondale
Carbondale, IL 62901-6603
RE: SP2010-25-HOT SEATS
Dr. Harackiewicz;
Attached is the completed Design Report by Saluki Engineering Company team reference
number SP2010-25-HOT SEATS. Saluki Engineering Company understands all implications
towards the submission of this document and the declared completion of this project.
Saluki Engineering Company requests that the client, Southern Illinois University, review
this report. SEC is confident that this Design Report meets all requirements and specifications.
SEC thanks Southern Illinois University for allowing the design and implementation of the
project, and look forward to collaborating in the future.
I would be happy to answer any question on the contents of this document. Please contact
me at (618)-203-4368 amallory87@gmail.com
Sincerely,
Aaron Mallory
Team# 25 Project Manager
Saluki Engineering Company
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements (JZ) ................................................................................................................................ 9
Executive Summary (AB) ............................................................................................................................. 10
Project Description ..................................................................................................................................... 11
Introduction (JZ) ...................................................................................................................................... 11
Project Overview (AB) ............................................................................................................................. 11
Cost Data ..................................................................................................................................................... 14
Prototype Cost Data ................................................................................................................................ 14
Design Cost Data ..................................................................................................................................... 14
Approximate Implementation Schedule ..................................................................................................... 15
Future Implementation ........................................................................................................................... 15
Schedule .................................................................................................................................................. 15
Health, Safety, Environmental, Economic, and Societal Issues (MA) ......................................................... 16
Conclusion and Recommendations (MA) ................................................................................................... 17
References: ................................................................................................................................................. 18
Wind Research and Data (AS) ..................................................................................................................... 19
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 19
Description & Procedure......................................................................................................................... 20
Calculations & Results ............................................................................................................................. 20
Discussion & Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 23
References .................................................................................................................................................. 25
Wind Turbine (MA) ..................................................................................................................................... 26
Description of function ........................................................................................................................... 26
Discussion of Options and Chosen Options ............................................................................................ 26
Wind Turbine Specifications ................................................................................................................... 27
Wind Turbine Components: .................................................................................................................... 34
1&2 The Blades / Cage mounting plates ................................................................................................. 35
3- Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG) ................................................................................................ 35
Gearbox ................................................................................................................................................... 37
Turbine Installation and installation planning ............................................................................................ 37
Legal Restrictions and Zoning Laws ........................................................................................................ 37
Tower and tower mounting .................................................................................................................... 40
Location................................................................................................................................................... 42
Wiring ...................................................................................................................................................... 42
Cost Data ................................................................................................................................................. 43
Venders ................................................................................................................................................... 43
Wind Turbine Controller (JZ)....................................................................................................................... 44
Description of function ........................................................................................................................... 44
Specifications .......................................................................................................................................... 44
Inverter (JZ) ................................................................................................................................................. 45
Description of function ........................................................................................................................... 45
Specifications .......................................................................................................................................... 46
Inverter Installation Location .................................................................................................................. 46
Net Metering (JZ) ........................................................................................................................................ 48
References .................................................................................................................................................. 49
Storage Subsystem (AB) .............................................................................................................................. 51
Description of Function........................................................................................................................... 51
Discussion of Options and Chosen Option .............................................................................................. 51
Cold Weather .......................................................................................................................................... 51
Price ........................................................................................................................................................ 51
Summary of Calculations: ....................................................................................................................... 52
Final Decision .......................................................................................................................................... 53
References: ................................................................................................................................................. 54
Heating Subsystem (AB).............................................................................................................................. 55
Description of Function........................................................................................................................... 55
Discussion of Options and Chosen Option .............................................................................................. 55
Heat Comfort .......................................................................................................................................... 55
Heat Distribution..................................................................................................................................... 56
Energy Efficiency ..................................................................................................................................... 56
Installation Difficulties ............................................................................................................................ 57
Final Heater Choice ................................................................................................................................. 57
Radiant Heaters ...................................................................................................................................... 58
Final Decision .......................................................................................................................................... 60
Specifications .......................................................................................................................................... 60
Summary of Calculations: ....................................................................................................................... 61
Cost Data ................................................................................................................................................. 63
References: ................................................................................................................................................. 65
Prototype Vertical Axis Wind Turbine ........................................................................................................ 66
Part description........................................................................................................................................... 67
Turbine Blade Base ................................................................................................................................. 67
Wind turbine Blade ................................................................................................................................. 67
Flange Bearing......................................................................................................................................... 68
Caster Bearing ......................................................................................................................................... 68
Pulleys ..................................................................................................................................................... 69
Belt .......................................................................................................................................................... 69
Equations used and Analysis ................................................................................................................... 69
Prototype Testing........................................................................................................................................ 74
Test 1 connection of 555 timer a-stable (AM) ........................................................................................ 74
Purpose ................................................................................................................................................... 74
Observation:............................................................................................................................................ 75
Test 2 connection of the Monostable 555 timer Chip ............................................................................ 76
Test 3 Connection of the Monostable and a-stable circuit..................................................................... 79
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 82
Test 4 connection of the relay to the system ......................................................................................... 82
Inverter ....................................................................................................................................................... 88
Schematic of the inverter ....................................................................................................................... 88
Test of System ......................................................................................................................................... 90
Prototype Electrical System Simulation (JZ) ............................................................................................... 92
Appendix A (AS) .......................................................................................................................................... 98
Appendix B (MA) ....................................................................................................................................... 110
Appendix C (OA) *Engineering Drawings* ................................................................................................ 112
Appendix D: (AM)...................................................................................................................................... 115
List of Figures
Figure 1: Flowchart showing the different subsystems and the energy path from the wind turbine to the
radiant heater and the grid. ........................................................................................................................ 13
Figure 2: Chicago Weather Stations............................................................................................................ 20
Figure 3: Weather Station Wind Radar ....................................................................................................... 23
Figure 4: Daily maximum and minimum temperature for Chicago City for 2010. Note that January is the
coldest month. Data were obtained from the Chicago National Weather Service 7 .................................. 30
Figure 5: Shows values of coefficients of performance versus wind speeds for a “good design” ............. 32
Figure 6: Shows the power curve that has Wind speed at its X axis and Power at its Y axis. The graph
shows the cut in wind speed point as well as rated wind speed points. .................................................... 34
Figure 7: Components of the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine........................................................................... 35
Figure 8: Shows Tower Mounting adapters for VAWT ............................................................................... 41
Figure 9: VAWT with 9 m Tower ................................................................................................................. 41
Figure 10: Net Metering Device 17 .............................................................................................................. 48
Figure 11: A deep cycle battery1 ................................................................................................................. 51
Figure 12: Temperature vs. capacity plot2 .................................................................................................. 51
Figure 13: Depth of discharge vs. Battery life in terms of cycles. How deep the battery is discharged, or
DOD, relates inversely to the life of the battery2 ....................................................................................... 53
Figure 14: A diagram showing a radiant heater1 ........................................................................................ 55
Figure 15: A picture showing a quartz radiant heater1 ............................................................................... 57
Figure 17: Diagram demonstrating a 60° spread angle heater1 ................................................................. 58
Figure 16: Diagram demonstrating a 90° spread angle heater1 ................................................................. 58
Figure 18: Diagram showing spread pattern for a 3200W 60° heater1 ...................................................... 59
Figure 19: Diagram showing spread pattern for a 3200W 90° heater1 ...................................................... 59
Figure 20: The figure shows the time it takes for the lamps to reach 100% of working capacity, as well as
the time it takes to cool down, which is approximately 2 minutes2........................................................... 61
Figure 21: Wind Turbine Engineering Drawing ........................................................................................... 66
Figure 22: Turbine Blade Base Engineering Drawing .................................................................................. 67
Figure 23: Wind Turbine Engineering Drawing ........................................................................................... 67
Figure 24: Flange Bearing Engineering Drawing ......................................................................................... 68
Figure 25: Caster Bearing Engineering Drawing ......................................................................................... 68
Figure 26: Pulley Engineering Drawing ....................................................................................................... 69
Figure 27: V-Belt Dimensions ...................................................................................................................... 69
Figure 28: Prototype Power Curve .............................................................................................................. 72
Figure 29: Generator Power and Voltage curve ......................................................................................... 73
Figure 30: Connection of 555 Timer ........................................................................................................... 74
Figure 31: Time Period Diagram ................................................................................................................. 75
Figure 32: Output Square Wave.................................................................................................................. 76
Figure 33: Connection of 555 monostable chip .......................................................................................... 77
Figure 34: Output Response ....................................................................................................................... 78
Figure 35: Circuit Diagram .......................................................................................................................... 80
Figure 36: Circuit Diagram .......................................................................................................................... 83
Figure 37: Circuit Diagram .......................................................................................................................... 85
Figure 38: Inverter Schematic ..................................................................................................................... 86
Figure 39: Simulation of the PWM Generator responsible for the control system of the inverter ........... 93
Figure 40: Plots of Output Voltage, Inverter output current and output power....................................... 96
Figure 41: Plots of Nominal Current chare and discharge Characteristics ................................................. 97
List of Tables
Table 1: Cost data of the prototype built by the SEC team......................................................................... 14
Table 2: Cost data of the wind turbine including the installation of the wind turbine as well as the
incentives. ................................................................................................................................................... 14
Table 3: Weather Station Annual Data ....................................................................................................... 21
Table 4: Power Density Wind Directions Results ........................................................................................ 22
Table 5: Specifications of the vertical axis wind turbine. ........................................................................... 28
Table 6: Shows the available power at each given speed. It shows the power at cut in wind speed as well
as at rated wind speed. ............................................................................................................................... 33
Table 7: PMG generator has the following specification ............................................................................ 36
Table 8: Basic electrical schematic for PMG5. ............................................................................................ 36
Table 9: Cost data of the wind turbine including the installation of the wind turbine as well as the
incentives. ................................................................................................................................................... 43
Table 10: Recommended vendors for the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine ....................................................... 43
Table 11: Specifications of the controller ................................................................................................... 44
Table 12: Shows the specifications of the inverter ..................................................................................... 46
Table 13: Suggested Vendors ...................................................................................................................... 64
Table 14: Minimum Area of wind turbine................................................................................................... 71
Table 15: Wind Turbine Parameters ........................................................................................................... 72
Table 16: Generator Data ........................................................................................................................... 73
Table 17: Testing Results ............................................................................................................................ 81
Table 18: Results ......................................................................................................................................... 84
Acknowledgements (JZ)
The team would like to express our gratitude to those who made this project possible.
First during the initial design phase the Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering at
Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (SIUC) allowed us the use of several software
packages. Acknowledgments to the contributions of all persons or parties outside the
development team and Saluki Engineering Company will be extended. Such persons include the
following: David Williams for his contribution with guiding us all the time, and for all the effort
he put in this project to make it happen. The team would like to thank Ahmad Al- Banna for the
Contribution in designing the actual prototype, the help in Simulation tools and electric part
connection. Brian Snow for his Assistance in decreasing the amount of error in the prototype,
and showing us what is the best way to go with building the prototype. Justin Harrell, PE for his
incite concerning wind studies and his knowledge on most of the electric systems.
Acknowledgements also go to Ross O’Connor for his guidance and supervision on all the aspects
of building the prototype.
Executive Summary (AB)
In comparing the constructed design to other designs already on the market, it becomes
apparent that the SEC design has innovative ideas that can improve several existing designs and
provide the ground work for future improved ideas. The design was based on finding the wind
data for specific locations in the area of Chicago, using that data to help in the design of a
vertical axis wind turbine, and then design a controller and a load which are suitable for the area
of Chicago.
In considering the project as a schedule, we began work on the actual project as early as
February 9, 2010 and completed the system as a whole by April 4, 2010. The total cost as spent
by the team amounted to around $494, but several components and services were donated
towards the completion of the final prototype as a whole.
For the real system it would cost around $5,138 for it to be built, so SEC worked on
lowering the price by including some new ideas, for example using net metering in our system
which will provide some money in return, also there are some incentives given by Department of
Commerce and Economic Opportunity (DCEO) and by The Database of State Incentives for
Renewable Energy (DSIRE) which also lowered the price of the system. The total
implementation time for the designed system is estimated to be 9 weeks.
Design aspects for the actual system to be implemented in Chicago, as well as design
aspects taken into consideration while building the prototype are discussed below. The report
starts by discussing designed aspects of the actual system, then transitions into the prototype.
Project Description
Introduction (JZ)
The purpose of this project is to design a system that provides heat to a bus shelter by
using renewable energy. The issue is that commuters are exposed to extreme cold temperatures
as they use bus station shelters during winter months in many northern cities. Most existing
systems consume large amounts of power unnecessarily. The project is based on the idea of
using wind as a renewable energy as well as designing and building a system that generates
power by using a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine which will provide heat with radiant heaters.
These radiant heaters will be powered by the VAWT and the grid in a specific time periods of
the day according the bus schedule by using a controller. In the mean time, the unused power
when the heaters are turned off will be fed back to the grid by using an inverter and a net
metering. This feature will save a lot of money for the bus company as well as it will provide a
more convenience shelters for the customers.
In this project, two systems were designed, one was for the prototype and the other was
for the actual system. The actual system is the one meant to be implemented in Chicago. All the
design aspects of the actual system were analyzed according to Chicago’s weather data. On the
other hand, the prototype was designed based on the local weather data. The prototype was
completed and tested to provide a proof of concept.
Project Overview (AB)
The design consists of five major subsystems which are; the vertical axis wind turbine,
the controller, the inverter, the met metering, and the load. Each of these subsytems will interface
with one another.
The vertical axis wind turbine converts the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical
enrergy which in turn spins the generator producing elecrical power. The vertical axis wind
turbine was chosen over the horizontal one because it is much more suitable for urban areas as it
catches the wind from all directions, has a lower cut in speed, and produces less noise than the
horizontal axis wind turbine. The generator in this system is a permanent magnet generator
(PMG) which is included with the specified turbine. One the power is generated by the PMG, it
goes to the controller which decides whether it goes to the load or the inverter.
The controller redirects the power to the inverter in order to sell it back to the grid when
the heater is not working. On the other hand, when the heater is working and the power produced
by the wind turbine is not suffecient, the controller provides the required energy to the heater
from the grid. The inverter converts the DC it receives from the controller into AC and
synchronizes it in order for it to go through the net-metering device and sold back to the grid.
The net-metering equipment is used to enable the system to sell power back to the grid when it
produces power that is not needed by the heater.
The heater type chosen for this application is a radiant infrared heater. The reason a
radiant heater was chosen is that it heats commuters directly by radiation without losing almost
any energy to the air. It is perfect for spot heating and out door heating applications. The radiant
heater was designed according to ASHRAE calculations to meet the required heat comfort
standards.
Flowchart
Wind Turbine
Controller
Radiant
Heater
Inverter
Net
Metering
Grid
Figure 1: Flowchart showing the different subsystems and the energy path from the wind turbine to the
radiant heater and the grid.
Cost Data
For this project, there are two different cost data, one for the prototype built the by SEC
team, and the other is an estimation for the client design. Prototype cost data includes many parts
which were donated, therefore, data does not necessarily reflect the actual total cost of the
prototype.
Prototype Cost Data
Table 1: Cost data of the prototype built by the SEC team.
Item
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Description
Aluminum Pipes
Generator
Controller
Inverter
Battery
Pulley
Screws
Wood
Flanges Bearings
Infrared Bulb
Caster Bearings
Breadboard
Resistor, C,BJT, LED
Total
Cost
$60
$260
On Hand
$45
$29
$20
$15
$40
On Hand
$20
$5
On Hand
On Hand
$494
Design Cost Data
Table 2: Cost data of the wind turbine including the installation of the wind turbine as well as the incentives.
Turbine Retail Price
Package includes ( Inverter , Wind Controller)
Estimated Turbine Installation at 50% of Turbine
Price Before Financial Incentives
DCEO - Solar Energy Incentive Program
Federal Tax Credit (30% of Gross Cost at Installation)
Total Financial Incentives
Radiant Heater
Wire Guards
TOTAL After All Financial Incentives
$7,900
$3,950
$11,850
$ 3,555
$ 3,555
$ 7,110
$ 376
$ 22
$ 5,138
Approximate Implementation Schedule
Future Implementation
In order to be able to estimate an implementation schedule, two steps must be taken in
advance. First, wind data should be found for a general location. Second, specific locations
within the general location should be chosen depending on the wind data. One thing to consider
is that an assumption of 4 weeks estimated time for the approval of local authorities installation
permits have been made for the city of Chicago.
Schedule
Apply for installation permits.................................................................................. Week 0
Design heater and timer for specific location.......................................................... Week 0
Confirm permits received and order parts............................................................... Week 4
Install vertical wind turbine and pole...................................................................... Week 5
Install radiant heater and electrical parts................................................................. Week 5
Connect electrical parts with mechanical.................................................................Week 6
Connect the whole system to the grid.......................................................................Week 7
Test the final system..................................................................................................Week 8
Apply changes or improvements as needed..............................................................Week 9
Health, Safety, Environmental, Economic, and Societal Issues (MA)
Generally, the Vertical Axis Wind turbine offers a very safe and environmentally friendly
purpose. Vertical Axis Wind turbines are like other engineering products such as cars and
aircrafts. They are designed to operate at high standards of safety. However, there have been a
very small number of injuries and fatalities to people across the word1. The VAWT does an
excellent job and a great deal of reducing the noise. The fact that VAWT operates at lower rpm’s
and with tip speed ratios only 2-3 times the wind speed means that they can produce power
without creating noise. The VAWT offers a very safe environment to birds and other wildlife
animals. Usually, birds see the VAWT as solid object so they do not fly into it. Furthermore,
Animals are not frightened by the VAWT due to its silent and vibration free operation1.
VAWT provides an economical alternative for domestic applications having the ability to
self-start in light winds. The other advantage of VAWT that it is easy and cheap. The only
expensive part is the construction aspect of it. Over 80% of the costs for wind energy are because
of construction materials and building2. VAWT has the compact size which can fit almost
anywhere, and don’t necessarily need to be posted on a high spot. It can be fitted in the yard, on
an outdoor porch, and on top of a home or garage. Furthermore, VAWT is an alternating energy
source and does not provide power on demand as will fossil fuel power plants. These advantages
of VAWT make it more economical and efficient. As far as the health issues, according to
American Wind Energy Association, the use of U. S. wind turbines may lessen the amount of
carbon dioxide in the air by one-third2. Wind turbines in general are economical, quiet and
reliable. In the future, wind turbines may offer an economical alternative source of energy.
16
Conclusion and Recommendations (MA)
Since this design is going to be implemented in an urban area which is Chicago, Vertical
Axis Wind Turbine was chosen. Changes in wind direction have fewer negative effects on this
type of turbine because it does not need to be positioned into the wind direction. Other
advantages of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine have a major role in choosing it. These advantages
include that Vertical Axis Wind Turbine tend to be safer and easier to build, it offers benefits in
low speed situations, and it can be mounted close to the ground so it can be more accessible for
maintenance. However, the overall efficiency of these turbines in producing electricity is lower
than Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines. For this design, it is concluded that Small wind turbines
installed in typical urban areas are likely to operate at low capacity, be subject to periods of nonoperation and take a long time before achieving payback on the initial costs. Therefore urban
wind turbines demonstrate poor economic performance and long payback periods due to a lack
of accurate wind measurement preceding installation as well as the difficulty of predicting wind
resource in a given urban location3.
There are some recommendations and issues to consider when building Vertical Axis Wind
Turbine. Many aspects of the design should be considered like legal restriction, tower, location,
safety, and wiring. The insulation of the wind turbine should be done according to zoning laws,
regulations, and building codes of Chicago City. It is recommended that the insulation permits
should be planed weeks to months in advance to allow time for applications to be processed.
Wind speed is low close to the ground and increases with increasing height above the ground.
Because of that, it is recommended to place the wind turbine on a tower that is tall enough to
give the cage proper exposure to the wind. In most cases, the minimum recommended tower
height is 9 m 4.
17
Since the wind turbine installation is semi-permanent, the future plans for the property
should be taken into consideration. Often the most compelling consideration for locating the
wind turbine tower is the space where it will not interfere with vehicle traffic, fence lines,
gardens, septic system lateral lines, or power poles. For safety reason, wind turbine should never
be installed close to a power line because if any part of the wind turbine that contains metal or
the tower it is mounted on makes contact with power lines there is a risk of electrocution.
References:
[1] Department for Business Innovation and Skills (2001). Wind power: environmental
and safe issues [Online].
Available: http://www.bis.gov.uk/files/file17777.pdf
[2] Wind Energy Facts [Online].
Available: http://www.windturbinesnow.com/wind-energy-facts.htm/
[3] Alicia Webb (2007). The Viability of Domestic Wind Turbines for Urban Melbourne
[Online].
Available:http://www.sustainability.vic.gov.au/resources/documents/ATA_The_viability_
of_domestic_wind_turbines_for_urban_Melbourne_2007.pdf
[4] PacWind, Inc. (2006). The PacWind SeaHawk 12, 24 or 48 VDC Battery Charging
System Owners Manual [Online]. Available:
http://www.hiwindpower.com/images/WePower/SeaHawkManual.pdf
18
Wind Research and Data (AS)
Introduction
Like all renewable energy sources, location is almost as important on the technology
itself. Independently neither can provide the optimal power output unless one is considered with
respect to the other. Wind energy is no different and the chosen location dictates the type of
turbine that is selected. The location must have the qualities to provide the necessary power and
the turbine must have the specifications to obtain that power cost effectively. In contrast if
renewable energy is the main goal in sight the technology must be chosen in the manner that it
produce the optimal amount of power given the environment. In preparation for a wind turbine,
a feasibility study is performed to determine whether a certain location is suitable to handle a
wind turbine. These studies usually encompass a year to bet accurate accounts for the possible
power that can be produced at a certain location. Without the necessary resources to conduct
feasibility in the city of Chicago or a specific location to place the wind turbine a study was
performed using historical online data provided by the National Oceanic & Atmospheric
Administration1 from eight weather stations located around the city of Chicago. The goal of this
analysis was to get a general account for the present environment and the feasibility of a small
wind turbine application and still recognize that a full intensive study would be necessary outside
of this analysis.
19
Description & Procedure
Hourly wind data was accumulated
to obtain an accurate account for the
possible wind power produced, which could
translate directly to power output in Watts
and the possible offset costs measured in
dollars
per
Kilowatt-hour.
Also
calculating the direction that the wind
blows that produces the most power for a
given location can give incite to possible
street locations in Chicago without realtime data.
The data was obtained from
Figure 2: Chicago Weather Stations
eight weather stations around Chicago including Lansing Municipal Airport, Midway
International Airport, O’Hare International Airport,
Aurora Municipal Airport, Waukegan
Municipal Airport, Lewis University Airport, and Dupage Airport shown in Figure [2] created in
Google Maps1.
Hourly data from each month in 2009 was pulled into Microsoft Excel
workbooks for each station to calculate annual power production based off available wind and
the most powerful wind direction for the given wind speed.
See appendices for sample data
sheets form each location.
Calculations & Results
Once the data was pulled into the workbook the data was manually formatted before
calculations could be performed. See the appendices for
20
sample formatted data sheets. Data
provided by each station was not exactly “hourly” and had to be formatted into a continuous list
of hourly readings to get an accurate account for a year of data. Data from each station
accounted for over 90% of the total hours in a year. With a continuous year of hourly wind data
the possible power produced could be calculated using the power equation for our proposed wind
turbine, taking into account varying air density, temperature, pressure, wind speed, data included
in the online wind data. An overall average cost per kilowatt hour of $.1342 was used to
calculate a rough idea of the offset cost from the power that the turbine would produce. The
resulting offset cost for each table are displayed Table 3 below.
Table 3: Weather Station Annual Data
Annual Power
Offset
[W]
Cost
1
Lansing Municipal Airport
514,285
$68.91
2
Midway International Airport
730,299
$97.86
3
O' Hare International Airport
889,857
$119.24
4
Lewis University Airport
770,622
$103.26
5
Waukegan Municipal Airport
460,544
$61.71
6
Dupage Airport
693,236
$92.89
7
Aurora Municipal Airport
889,069
$119.14
8
Prospect Height Municipal Airport
471,857
$63.23
Average
$90.78
To calculate the most viable street direction to place a turbine wind power and the
frequency of wind blowing in every direction was taken into account. For a given station all of
the wind directions for a given year were divided in to 36 bins from 0-35. Each bin would
21
encompass 10 circular degrees to account for wind blowing in every direction. The frequency of
wind blowing in each bin was calculated and depicted as a directional frequency over the total
frequency of all the bins to get the percent of the time that the wind blew in a certain direction.
To calculate the most powerful wind direction a power density was calculated based on
the total power that each direction over the total power that the turbine could produce in a given
location. This calculation would describe the amount of power that each direction produced in
comparison to the total power produced at that location in a percent. The power density gave
calculation gave a more accurate account to how much power was produced by certain direction
of the wind. The overall power produced by each wind direction would give an accurate account
of the energy yield or energy potential at that location. The frequency and power density were
calculated for each weather station and compared on radar graphs shown in Figure 3. The radar
graphs for all the stations are located in the appendices. Also sample calculations are displayed
in tabular form in the Appendix A. Table 4 below shows the results from analysis of all of the
radar graphs from all of the weather stations.
Table 4: Power Density Wind Directions Results
Lansing Municipal Airport
Midway International Airport
O' Hare International Airport
Lewis University Airport
Waukegan Municipal Airport
Dupage Airport
Aurora Municipal Airport
Prospect Height Municipal Airport
22
Wind Direction
[Degrees]
210
270
210
210
220
170
280
190
Aurora Municipal Airport
34
35 10%
33
0
1
2
3
9%
32
8%
4
7%
31
5
6%
30
6
5%
4%
29
7
3%
2%
28
8
1%
27
9
0%
26
Frequency
Power Density
10
25
11
24
12
23
13
22
14
21
15
20
19
18
16
17
Figure 3: Weather Station Wind Radar
Discussion & Conclusion
The results of the wind research provide a gage and a standard to base sound decisions
for small wind turbine applications in Chicago. The annual power produced and offset costs
calculated are relative estimates of how much power a small wind turbine will produce in an
urban setting. Some assumptions to take into account include the inconsistency in the hourly
weather readings that will affect these results. Also these readings were calculated on 1.5 meter
23
poles in relatively open fields at local airports. These are not exact representations of the urban
conditions that this project aims to accommodate. Research still does not account for a Ventri
effect caused by buildings and the topography of Chicago, which the project aims to capitalize
on. To counteract this fact the directional power density data was calculated in order in efforts to
find a street or location in the directional path of the wind. When taking the directional data
from all the stations into account it can be inferred that the most powerful winds come of Lake
Michigan at the calculated angles. Whether the wind sustain their power over the distance from
the lake to the outlying weather stations is not clear. Yet, this inference can support the
placement of turbines streets that run off of the lake with numerical confidence.
While this
research does provide adequate knowledge on making educated decisions of the environment of
small wind turbine application in Chicago, it is only a segregate for an all inclusive wind study in
downtown Chicago.
24
References
[1] Google Maps [Online].
Available: www.maps.google.com
[2] Midwest Information Office (2010). AVERAGE ENERGY PRICES IN THE CHICAGO
AREA - DECEMBER 2009 [Online].
Available: http://www.bls.gov/ro5/aepchi.htm
[3] Moran, Michael j. and Howard N. Shapiro, Fundamentals of Engineering 6th ed. John
Wiley & Son, Inc., 2007.
[4] Wikipedia. Density of air [Online].
Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_of_air
[5] National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. Quality Controlled Local Climatological
Data [Online].
Available: http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/qclcd/QCLCD
25
Wind Turbine (MA)
Description of function
Wind turbine is a device that converts the Kinetic Energy in wind into the Mechanical
Energy of a rotating shaft. This Mechanical Energy is then converted by a generator into
Electrical Energy. The generator is usually connected to the turbine shaft through gears which
turn the generator at a different speed than the turbine shaft. According to the first law of
thermodynamics, it is impossible to convert all the wind’s Kinetic Energy to Mechanical Energy.
This can show that wind turbines have their limitations and that has to be considered when the
wind turbine is designed1.
Since this design is to be implemented in Chicago, a careful attention should be paid to
Wind Energy in urban environments to have a functional design for wind turbine. Wind profiles
in urban areas tend to be more turbulent and not along a single axis. The presence of buildings in
urban areas increases the turbulence of the flow of wind. For this reason as well as to be
effective, the wind turbine system must be easy to integrate with architecture of urban areas2.
Discussion of Options and Chosen Options
The initial considerations for the wind turbine design were focused on two wind turbine
types which are:
1. Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT).
2. Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT).
A vertical axis wind turbine differs from the horizontal axis wind turbine that its blades are
attached to a central vertical shaft instead of a horizontal one. In the more common horizontal
26
form, the blades are on the top, spinning round in the air. The vertical design has the generator
positioned at the base of the tower, and has the blades wrapped around the shaft3.
The vertical axis wind turbine was chosen for the design. This choice was made based on
many practical reasons that are listed below3, 4:
1- Although HAWTs is more efficient than VAWTs, VAWTs do offer benefits in low speed
situations.
2- VAWTs tend to be safer, easier to build.
3- VAWTs can be mounted close to the ground so it can be more accessible for
maintenance.
4- VAWTs handle wind turbulence much better than horizontal wind turbines.
5- VAWT s can offer up to 30% efficiency and they work equally well no matter which
direction the wind is coming from.
Wind Turbine Specifications
The wind turbine that is being used in the current design is a vertical axis wind turbine as
mentioned earlier. This wind turbine has the following specifications5:
27
Table 5: Specifications of the vertical axis wind turbine.
Rated Power
VAWT
Nominal Power
1.2
Kw
Nominal Speed
13
m/s
Start wind speed
2.7
m/s
Stop Wind Speed
N.A
m/s
Maximum Wind Speed
49.6
m/s
Rotor weight
160
kg
Rotor diameter
1.78
m
Rotor Area
3.56
m2
Rotor Height
5.5
m
Dimensions
Other Data
Safety
Number of Blades
Voltages (AC)
Noise at 3 m distance
with 6.7 m/s
Warranty
Mechanical Break
5
Blades
183-304
V
32
DB
5
Years
28
Based on the previous specifications, some equations can be used to get the amount of power
available at a given wind speed. Because air has mass and it moves to form wind, it has kinetic
energy which is expressed as6:
Kinetic energy (joules) = 0.5 x m x V2
(1)
Where:
m = mass (kg)
V = velocity (m/s)
Since power is more needed than energy and since Energy = Power x Time x ρ is more
convenient way to express the mass of flowing air, equation (1) can be converted into a flow
equation6:
P = 0.5 x ρ x A x V3
(2)
Since it is impossible to extract all the power from the wind because some flow must be
maintained through the rotor, more efficiencies terms have to be added to equation (2) to get
more practical equation. The new equation can be written as6:
P = 0.5 x ρ x A x Cp x V3 x Ng x Nb
(3)
Where:
P = power in (W).
ρ = air density in (kg/m3).
A = rotor swept area, exposed to the wind (m2)
Cp = Coefficient of performance.
V = wind speed in (m/s)
29
Ng = generator efficiency.
Nb = gearbox/bearings efficiency.
In order to find the amount of power at a given wind speed, other parameters have to be
obtained. The swept area, exposed to the wind equal to the diameter of the rotor times the height
of the blades which is equal to 1.78 x 2 = 3.56 m2.
Air density (ρ) can be obtained by having the altitude and the temperature at Chicago area.
According to the Chicago National Weather Service, it is assumed that January is the coldest
month in Chicago and it has the average temperature of 290F by consulting figure 1 7. The
altitude of Chicago is 583 ft above the sea8. The air density based on a 290F temperature and
altitude of 583 ft is 1.2 kg/m3. This value was obtained by using air density calculator and air
density tables 9, 10.
Figure 4: Daily maximum and minimum temperature for Chicago City for 2010. Note that
January is the coldest month. Data were obtained from the Chicago National Weather
Service 7
30
The coefficient of performance can be obtained by referring to Betz’s Law. According to
Betz’ Law, the theoretical maximum value for the coefficient of performance is 0.593. An
"ideal" wind turbine with this maximum value is known as a Rayleigh-Betz machine11. However,
in practical life the value of the maximum values of coefficient is in the range 0.25 to 0.45. By
using Figure B-02 which shows coefficient of performance values versus wind speeds, it can
assumed that the coefficient of performance for this design is 0.3511.
31
Figure 5: Shows values of coefficients of performance versus wind speeds for a
“good design”
Generator efficiency Ng depends on the generator type. The generator being used in this
design is a 3 phase synchronous permanent magnet. This type usually has 80% and more
efficiency6. Hence, 80 % generator efficiency which is the minimum would be used at this case
to ensure that good calculations have been conducted. Gearbox/bearings efficiency is another
important factor. It is assumed that the gearbox/bearings efficiency is 95% for a good design6.
After obtaining all of the parameters of Equation 3, power available at a given wind
speed can be found by substituting all numbers obtained previously in Equation 3. Power at cut
in wind speed and rated wind speed will be calculated first as below:
Cut in wind speed = 2.7 m/s (6.1 MPH)
P = 0.5 x ρ x A x Cp x V3 x Ng x Nb
P= 0.5 x 1.2 (kg/m3) x 3.56 (m2) x 0.35 x 2.73(m3/s3) x 0.80x .95
P = 11.2 W
At rated wind speed = 13 m/s (29.12 MPH)
P = 0.5 x ρ x A x Cp x V3 x Ng x Nb
P= 0.5 x 1.2 (kg/m3) x 3.56 (m2) x 0.35 x 133(m3/s3) x 0.80x .95
P = 1248 W = 1.2 KW
32
The same equation and process can be done for different wind speeds. At each wind
speed, a different amount of power would be generated from the wind turbine. A table and a
graph of the available amount of power at a given wind speed can be created by using these
calculations.
Table 6: Shows the available power at each given speed. It shows the power at cut in wind speed as well as at
rated wind speed.
Wind speed (
m/s )
wind speed
(mph )
Area ( m2)
Power (W)
1
2.24
3.56
0
2
4.48
3.56
0
2.7
6.048
3.56
11.18341
3
6.72
3.56
15.34075
4
8.96
3.56
36.36326
5
11.2
3.56
71.022
6
13.44
3.56
122.726
7
15.68
3.56
194.8844
8
17.92
3.56
290.9061
9
20.16
3.56
414.2003
10
22.4
3.56
568.176
11
24.64
3.56
756.2423
12
26.88
3.56
981.8081
13
29.12
3.56
1248.283
33
Power at cut in wind speed
Power at rated wind
speed
Power Curve
1400
Rated Wind Speed
Power Output (W)
1200
1000
800
600
Cut in Speed
400
200
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
Wind Spees (m/s )
12
14
16
18
Figure 6: Shows the power curve that has Wind speed at its X axis and Power at its Y axis. The graph shows
the cut in wind speed point as well as rated wind speed points.
Wind Turbine Components:
The used Vertical Axis Wind turbine has the following components:
1- The blades
2- Cage mounting Plates
3- Permanent Magnet Generator ( PMG)
34
Figure 7: Components of the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine.
1&2 The Blades / Cage mounting plates
There are two cage plates which are the upper plate and the lower plate. The cage
assembly also is seen by birds as a solid object so they avoid flying into the turbine. This cage
system consists of six blades of extruded PVC. PVC blades are exceptionally strong, but flexible
to withstand high winds and for resisting ice and snow buildup. These blades have also
exceptional wind capture.
3- Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG)
The Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG) converts the rotational energy of the rotor into
electricity. The PMG is a direct drive generator with one moving part. The output from the
generator is three-phase alternating current (AC), but it is rectified to direct current inside the
PMG housing. Since it uses permanent magnets, the PMG is generating voltage whenever the
rotor is turning5.
35
Table 7: PMG generator has the following specification
Generator
Type
3 phase synchronous permanent magnet
Rated VAC Output
300 VAC
CE Certified
yes
Peak Brake Current
19.3 Amps
Special feature
Built-in Rectifier
Table 8: Basic electrical schematic for PMG5.
36
Gearbox
No gearbox needed because the PMG was specially designed for this VAWT and
produces power at low speeds, eliminating the need for a speed increasing gearbox, see Figure 5.
Turbine Installation and installation planning
Legal Restrictions and Zoning Laws
Zoning laws, also called ordinances, establish what activities can be carried out in any
area according to the local county and state. Many Cities and towns can place limits on what
kinds of development are acceptable in specific areas of a community through various sorts of
local ordinances such as zoning regulations. According to the Illinois Clean Energy Community
Foundation, the following regulations apply to any Wind Energy Conversion System 12:
1. Sitting Approval Application
o To obtain sitting approval, the Applicant must first submit a sitting approval
application to the County/Municipality.
o The sitting approval application shall contain or be accompanied by the following
information:

The project Summary including a description of the project and all the
required projects details like height of the tower, diameter of the rotor,
location, etc.

The name(s), address (es), and phone number(s) of the Applicant(s), Owner
and Operator, and all property owner(s), if known.

A site plan for the installation of the project.
37
2. Design Safety Certification
o
The project shall conform to applicable industry standards, including those of the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
o
a Professional Engineer shall certify that the foundation and tower design of the
project is within accepted professional standards, given local soil and climate
3. Controls and Brakes
o
The VAWT shall be equipped with a redundant braking system. This includes
both aerodynamic over speed controls and mechanical brake.
4. Electrical Components
o
All electrical components of the VAWT shall conform to applicable local, state,
and national codes.
5. Color
o
Towers and blades shall be painted white or gray or another non-reflective,
unobtrusive color.
6. Compliance with the Federal Aviation Administration
o The Applicant for the VAWT shall comply with all applicable FAA
requirements.
7. Warnings
o A reasonably visible warning sign concerning voltage must be placed at the base
of all pad-mounted transformers and Substations.
o Visible, reflective, colored objects, such as flags, reflectors, or tape shall be
placed on the anchor points of guy wires and along the guy wires up to a height of
15 feet from the ground.
38
8. Climb Prevention
o The VAWT Tower must be not be climbable by design or protected by anticlimbing devices.
9. Coordination with Local Fire Department
o The Applicant, Owner or Operator shall submit to the local fire department a copy
of the site plan.
10. Materials Handling, Storage and Disposal
o All solid wastes related to the construction, operation and maintenance of the
VAWT project shall be removed from the site promptly and disposed of in
accordance with all federal, state and local laws.
11. Noise Level
o Noise levels from the VAWT Project shall be in compliance with applicable
Illinois Pollution Control Board (IPCB) regulations.
12. Materials Handling, Storage and Disposal
o The Applicant, Owner or Operator shall submit to the local fire department a copy
of the site plan.
39
Tower and tower mounting
The Wind speed close to the ground is slowed down by friction and the effect of
obstacles whereas it increases with increasing height above the ground. Turbulence, which is
rough air caused by the wind passing over obstructions such as trees and buildings, reduces the
output energy and puts grater strain on VAWT. These issues can be overcome simply by putting
the VAWT sufficiently high above the ground. The VAWT must be placed on a tower that is tall
enough to give the cage proper exposure to the wind. An 18 m pole is included with the VAWT
and part of it can be used as a tower. According to many manufactures, the minimum
recommended tower height is 9 m so a 9 m tower will be used for this design13.
The VAWT can be attached to its tower by pipe adapters, shown in Figure 6. These
adapters are designed to fit inside pipes with inner diameter of (3.5 in), (5 in), or (9 in).
However, since the tower that comes with the VAWT is used, the VAWT will bolt directly in
place.
40
Figure 8: Shows Tower Mounting adapters for VAWT
After the tower and the VAWT are attached, the assembly of the wind turbine can be
continued simply by following the instructions on Appendix 1. The next step is assembling the
base and the tower. The tower base can be mounted onto the concrete foundation bolts. The
torque is to be between 350-524 ft.Ib5. The complete installation is shown in Figure 7.
Figure 9: VAWT with 9 m Tower
41
Location
Since the designed VAWT makes no noise, no special consideration is necessary for
noise. Since system performance improves with increased wind turbine elevation it is sometimes
best to choose a tall tower. The tower can be mounted close to the bus stop] since most the bus
stops are not tall and will not prevent the air from reaching the VAWT.
Wiring
It is recommended that the tower wiring be with SO cord. The SO cord’s neoprene jacket
will provide good abrasion resistance. For ground runs, it is recommended to use thin wire
buried inside plastic conduit rated for electrical service. Before assembling the wind turbine the
tower, wiring must be in place. It is recommended to have at least 30 cm (12 in) of free wire at
the top of the tower for making the electrical connections to the wind turbine.
42
Cost Data
Table 9: Cost data of the wind turbine including the installation of the wind turbine as well as the incentives.
Turbine Retail Price
Package includes ( Inverter , Wind Controller)
Estimated Turbine Installation at 50% of Turbine
Price Before Financial Incentives
DCEO - Solar Energy Incentive Program
Federal Tax Credit (30% of Gross Cost at Installation)
Total Financial Incentives
TOTAL After All Financial Incentives
$7,900
$3,950
$11,850
$ 3,555
$ 3,555
$ 7,110
$ 4,740
The cost analysis was calculated based on some consecrations that were kept in mind
when the cost was done. First of all, the turbine price is including 18 m/150 mph rated pole and
excluding shipping. Also, actual installation cost can vary substantially based on site conditions.
Financial Incentives are including rebates and investment tax credits. These incentives are
available and they are given by Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity (DCEO)
and by The Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy (DSIRE) 14, 15.
Venders
Table 10: Recommended vendors for the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
Supplier
WePOWER,
LLC.
PacWind, Inc.
Location
32 Journey Suite
250
Aliso Viejo, CA
92656
23930 Madison
Street,
Torrance, CA 90505
USA
Web page
Telephone
Email
http://www.wepower.us
(866)-3859463
sales@wepower.us
www.pacwind.net
(310)- 3759952
sales@pacwind.net
43
Wind Turbine Controller (JZ)
Description of function
The controller or, wind interface, conditions the energy coming out of the 3‐phase
Permanent magnet generator, and rectifies into DC. For this design, the controller is equipped a
microchip MCU and static switch. The controller has many mechanisms to achieve a high degree
of efficiency and reliability. Theses mechanisms contribute in protecting the wind generator.
Theses mechanisms can explained as follow5:

The controller inverts AC current from the generator to DC

The controller is reverse connection protected from DC output

The controller is overload protected

The controller shuts down in case of the overheating
Specifications
Table 11: Specifications of the controller
Input Voltage Range (VAC)
Rated Input Voltage (VAC)
Output Voltage Range (VDC)
Rated Output Voltage (VDC)
Controls
Protection
Operating Ambient Temperature
Dimensions
Weight
58 ‐ 218 VAC
210 VAC
140 ‐ 480 VDC
300 VDC
Maximum power point tracker, wind energy
Grid failure, short circuit, overload with dummy load
‐20°C to 50°C (‐4°F to122°F)
380 mm X 260 mm X 170 mm (15.0” X 10.2” X 6.7”)
77 lbs (35 kg)
44
Inverter (JZ)
Description of function
The inverter feeds the power grid by using the power generated from the VAWT. The
mechanical energy from the wind is converted by the generator to 3 phase AC voltage. The
variable voltage and frequency generated by VAWT depend on the wind speed. The produced
power needs to be at the level of the voltage and the frequency of the grid to be transferred to the
utility grid. The main function of the invert is to do this conversion. The conversion is done by
two steps1:
1- The 3 phase AC voltage generated from the PMG is first converted to DC voltage. This
step can be done inside the controller.
2- The DC voltage output resulted from the controller is connected to inverter input and
converted into AC power with the proper voltage and frequency to be exported to the
grid.
The load will be using DC directly from the controller and inverter will be used only to
convert DC from the controller to AC to be compatible with the grid and the net metering
equipment. According to national and local standards and regulations, the produced energy
can be sold to the grid or credited to the user against future consumption, thus reducing costs
and providing what could be significant savings5.
45
Specifications
The inverter synchronizes with the local electrical supply system. It is designed as a grid
tie system. Unused power is fed back onto the grid automatically. The system uses an inverter
with the following specifications5:
Table 12: Shows the specifications of the inverter
Model
Nominal AC Power (total)
Type
Nominal AC Voltage
Rated Voltage
Continuous AC Output
Current
Operating Temperature
Dimensions
Net Weight
CEC Efficiency
PVI‐6000‐OUTD‐US‐W
12000 (6000 W X 2) (requires 2 inverters)
Split phase 240V – single phase 208 V / 277 V
240 V
240 V (216‐260 VAC)
29A – 25A – 21.6A
‐25° C to 60° C (‐13°F to 140°F) output power derating for Tamb > 50°C
(122°F)
98 cm X 32.5 cm X 19.5 cm (38.6” X 12.8” X 7.7”) each
66 lbs (29.9 Kg) each
96.50%
Inverter Installation Location
Selecting the location of the inverter is important to achieve a high level of safety and
reliability. The location should be selected based on the following consideration:
1- Height from ground level should be such as to ensure that the display and status LEDs are
easy to read.
2- A dry, sheltered, well‐ventilated location free of pollution and from direct sun
Radiation should be selected.
3- A location that allows unobstructed airflow around the inverter should be chosen.
4- Sufficient room around the inverter to enable easy installation and removal from the
mounting surface should be allowed.
46
47
Net Metering (JZ)
Net metering is an electricity policy for consumers who own renewable energy systems,
such as wind or solar power. Net metering can provide a simple. The inverter is connected to the
main circuit-breaker panel.
When the heater is turned off and the system is still producing electricity, a utility
company would purchases that excess electricity at the wholesale price. Additionally, net
metering allows the meter to literally be set back. Power coming out of system, which is in DC,
will have to be converted to AC in order for it to be given to the grid, and that is done by using
the inverter. The inverter includes all the necessary protective relays and circuit breakers needed
to synchronize safely and reliably with the utility grid16.
Figure 10: Net Metering Device 17
48
References
[1] David Watson (2005). Wind Turbines and the Energy in Wind [Online].
Available: http://www.ftexploring.com/energy/wind-enrgy.html
[2] Charles Miles (2006). Survey of Urban Wind Energy Technology [Online].
Available:
http://extension.ucdavis.edu/unit/green_building_and_sustainability/pdf/resources/arch_wind_power.
pdf
[3] Renewable Energy UK (2007). VAWT Vertical Axis Wind Turbine [Online].
Available: http://www.reuk.co.uk/VAWT-Vertical-Axis-Wind-Turbine.htm
[4] High Plains Wind & Solar, Inc. VAWT Differences Between Vertical and Horizontal Axis Wind
Turbines [Online].
Available: http://www.highplainswindandsolar.com/resources/differences-between-vertical-andhorizontal-axis-wind-turbines.html
[5] High Plains Wind & Solar, Inc. VAWT Differences Between Vertical and Horizontal Axis Wind
Turbines [Online].
Available: http://www.highplainswindandsolar.com/resources/differences-between-vertical-andhorizontal-axis-wind-turbines.html
[6] Falcon. Falcon 1.2 kW VAWT [Online].
Available: http://www.wepower.us/products/falcon/falcon-1-2kw.htm
[7] American Wind Energy Association. Wind Energy FAQ [Online]. Available:
http://www.awea.org/faq/windpower.html
[8] Charles Fisk (2010). Graphical Climatology of Chicago Temperatures, Precipitation, and Snowfall
(1871-Present) [Online].
Available: http://www.climatestations.com/chicago/
[9] Chicago Facts & Figures [Online].
Available: http://www.aviewoncities.com/chicago/chicagofacts.htm
[10] Fan Engineering and Fan Selection Software. Air Density Calculator [Online].
Available: http://www.denysschen.com/catalogue/density.asp
[11] The Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program. Air Density table [Online].
Available: http://www.wasp.dk/support/FAQ/WebHelp/AirDensityTable.htm
[12] Data & Analysis Services for Industry & Education (2005). Rayleigh Distribution [Online].
Available: http://www.brighton-webs.co.uk/distributions/rayleigh_wind_2.asp
[13] The Chicago Environmental Law Clinic and Baker & McKenzie (2003). Model Wind Energy
Siting Ordinance [Online].
Available: http://www.illinoiswind.org/resources/pdf/WindOrdinace.pdf
49
[14] PacWind, Inc. (2006). SeaHawk Vertical Axis Wind Turbine [Online].
Available: http://www.hiwindpower.com/images/WePower/SeaHawkManual.pdf
[15] Wayne Hartel (2010). Solar Energy Incentive Program [Online].
Available:http://www.commerce.state.il.us/dceo/Bureaus/Energy_Recycling/Energy/Clean+Energy/0
2-solar+Energy+Incentive+Program.htm
[16] Ron Stimmel (2006). Net Metering[Online].
Available: http://www.awea.org/pubs/factsheets/netmetfin_fs.pdf
[17] Lee Borde. Energy [Online].
Available: http://www.divorceinfo.com/letthesunwork/energy/netmetering.htm
50
Storage Subsystem (AB)
Description of Function
The function of the subsystem is to store power
when the system is not being used or when extra energy is Figure 11: A deep cycle battery1
being produced for when it is needed later on.
Discussion of Options and Chosen Option

Deep cycle batteries

Use the grid as a way of storing energy indirectly
Cold Weather
Since the system is meant to be working mostly in colder weather, the batteries will be less than
100% capacity most of the time, according to
figure 2, capacity would be at 80% at 0 Celsius
and at -10 Celsius it would be at 70%.
Nevertheless battery life tends to increase in
colder weather2
Price
High wattage systems require a large amount of
energy to be stored in order to be of any use to
the system and that would drive the price of the Figure 12: Temperature vs. capacity plot2
system up, which is discussed further after calculating the require battery bank sizing.
51
Summary of Calculations:
For prototype:
125 W load
Design usage time = 2 hours
Watts-hours = 250 Whr
Fudge Factor (accounting for efficiency) = 1.3
Adjusted Whr = 250/1.3 = 325 Whr
Depth of discharge = 0.6 or 60%
Watts-hours needed = 325/0.6 = 541.7 Whr
For a 12V, Amps-hours = 541.7/12 = 45W
So a 50AH battery would be enough
For actual system
6400 W load
Design usage time = 2 hours
Watts-hours = 12800 Whr
Fudge Factor (accounting for efficiency) = 1.3
Adjusted Whr = 12800/1.3 = 16640 Whr
Depth of discharge = 0.6 or 60%
Watts-hours needed = 16640/0.6 = 27733 Whr
For a 12V, Amps-hours = 27733/12 = 2311AH
Therefore, approximately 2300AH would be sufficient, which requires a lot of batteries raising
the price of the system. (A typical 12V/100AH battery would cost anywhere between 150-450$)
52
Using the grid by installing a netmetering device as a way to store
energy works by selling energy back to
the grid in the case of producing energy
that is not need such as the case when
the system is not running. And energy
is taken back when it is needed from
the grid which makes it work as an
Figure 13: Depth of discharge vs. Battery life in terms of cycles.
How deep the battery is discharged, or DOD, relates inversely to
the life of the battery2
indirect battery. Refer to net-metering section for further discussion.
Final Decision
The grid would be the better choice for this application as having to install batteries with
the effect of cold weather means that it would have to be much more expensive than the simply
selling the power to the grid then buying it back when needed.
Also keeping up with
maintenance on a battery system in conjunction with the decrease in efficiency over time make
the battery more costly than the power it is actually storing.
53
References:
[1] Deep Cycle Battery Information [Online].
Available: http://www.energymatters.com.au/deep-cycle-batteries-c-153.html
[2] Northern Arizona Wind & Sun (1998-2009). Deep Cycle Battery FAQ [Online].
Available: http://www.windsun.com/Batteries/Battery_FAQ.htm
54
Heating Subsystem (AB)
Description of Function
The main function of the heating subsystem is to
provide thermal comfort for bus station users during
cold and harsh weather conditions. Preferably, it would
provide sufficient heating to as many people using the
Figure 14: A diagram showing a
radiant heater1
bus station as efficiently as possible.
Discussion of Options and Chosen Option
Many different options were considered for the purpose of this subsystem

Ability to provide heat comfort

Heat distribution

Energy efficiency

Difficulty of installment and existing regulations
Some of the considered options were radiant heaters, heated seats, an underground heat
pump that uses the earth’s heat, and regular heat pumps.
Heat Comfort
The most capable system of providing heat comfort would be a regular heat pump in an
enclosed bus station, but that would be a lot more expensive than the rest of the options. Also,
frequent entering and leaving of the bus station would cause huge energy losses.
The next system would be a radiant heater which would be able to provide required heat
to provide heat comfort. Heated seats would not be as capable of providing as much heat comfort
as a radiant heater as they would have to get through the heavy coats of people using the bus
stations without heating their hands or faces which are the coldest parts usually.
55
Heat Distribution
A heat pump in an enclosed bus station would be very good for distributing heat except
for the losses from entry and exit to the station. A radiant heater is also very good at this as it
provides heat to people standing in the station.
Heated seats would provide heat only to the people sitting on the seats, which is not near
as good as the other two systems. An underground heat pump that uses the earth’s heat to heat
the seats would also be limited to the number of seats as well.
Energy Efficiency
Energy efficiency varies depending on the type of heating element. Using a heat pump
will lower the efficiency substantially as losses to the environment would be enormous. Using a
radiant heater would be much more efficient as the energy produced as infrared radiation would
go through the air with minimal losses to reach bus users directly.
56
Installation Difficulties
The idea of using a heat pump after isolating and enclosing the bus station means that
many changes would have to be made to the
bus station itself in order for the system to be
installed. Installing the radiant heater would
require minimum changes or additions to the
system. There are two types of heat pumps that
could be considered for this application. One
would be a ground source heat pump and the
other would be an air source heat pump. The
ground source heat pump would involve taping Figure 15: A picture showing a quartz radiant
heater1
into the underground sewer system which
would be very difficult. The air source heat pump would be easier, but it would be an inefficient
system in the winter months.
Final Heater Choice
The final choice regarding the heating system was the radiant heater as it satisfies the
most of the considered properties of the subsystems at the same time, more specifically, a quartz
heater. The radiant heater provides sufficient heat satisfying ASHRAE heat comfort standards,
minimizes efficiency losses relative to the other systems, distributes the heat to as many people
standing in the heated spot as possible, and it relatively easy to install.
57
Radiant Heaters

The main choices for infrared heating are clear quartz lamps, red quartz lamps, quartz
tubes, and straight or U-shaped metal rods. The most suitable type for this application
is the clear quartz lamps choice because of the specifications listed below.

Another factor to consider is the spread angle of the infrared heater which, for this
manufacturer (Fostoria), come in 30°, 60°, and 90° spread angles, symmetric or
asymmetric. From their spread angle graphs one can see that the choice is most likely
between 60° and 90°.
Figure 17: Diagram demonstrating a 60° spread Figure 16: Diagram demonstrating a 90° spread
angle heater1
angle heater1
58
Figure 18: Diagram showing spread pattern for a 3200W 60° heater 1
As can be seen from the two graphs above, the 60° is a better choice as at the most common
installation height (2.5m to 3m, or 8ft to 10ft), the spread length of the heated are is 10’6” to 13’
for the 60° model while it’s 17’ to 21’ for the 90° model, which results in more heat not being
directed at the commuters but rather at the walls of the bus shelter and therefore losing more
energy.
Figure 19: Diagram showing spread pattern for a 3200W 90° heater 1
59
Final Decision
Use a 3200W 60° clear quartz infrared heater to provide heat comfort in the bus station shelter,
which is the best choice to provide the most heat comfort while being as efficient as possible.
Specifications
Clear Quartz Lamps2

3/8” diameter quartz envelope

Cooled tungsten filament positioned on tantalum spacers; sealed porcelain end caps; gas
filled Color temperature emitted: approximately 4100° F – high brightness (6 – 8 Lumens
per Watt)

96% radiant efficiency

Fastest heat up and cool down time compared to red quartz lamps and quartz tubes (Refer
to figure 2 below)

Moisture resistance: highest

Mechanical ruggedness: average

Available Wattages: 500-3650; available voltages 200-600

Life Expectancy: 5000 hours warranted, 4-year pro-rated

May be used in series, if necessary
APPLICATIONS: All snow/ice control; all outdoor and most indoor applications; high
bay applications; indoor area highly exposed to cold air infiltration
Mounting heights:
10’ and ABOVE (Indoor)
10’ and BELOW (Outdoor)
60
Figure 20: The figure shows the time it takes for the lamps to reach 100% of working capacity, as well as the
time it takes to cool down, which is approximately 2 minutes 2
Summary of Calculations:
ASHRAE Calculations
• Mean radiant temperature (MRT) is the temperature of an imaginary isothermal black
enclosure in which an occupant would exchange the same amount of heat by radiation as in the
actual nonuniform environment3.
• Ambient temperature is the temperature of the air surrounding the occupant3.
• Operative temperature ta to is the temperature of a uniform isothermal black enclosure in
which the occupant would exchange the same amount of heat by radiation and convection as in
the actual nonuniform environment. For air velocities less than 0.4 m/s and mean radiant
temperatures less than 50°C, the operative temperature is approximately equal to the adjusted
dry-bulb temperature, which is the average of the air and mean radiant temperatures3.
61
• Adjusted dry-bulb temperature is the average of the air temperature and the mean radiant
temperature at a given location. The adjusted dry-bulb temperature is approximately equivalent
to the operative temperature for air motions less than 0.4 m/s and mean radiant temperatures less
than 50°C3.
• Effective radiant flux (ERF) is defined as the net radiant heat exchanged at the ambient
temperature between an occupant, whose surface is hypothetical and all enclosing surfaces and
directional heat sources and sinks. Thus, ERF is the net radiant energy received by the occupant
from all surfaces and sources whose temperatures differ from ta. ERF is particularly useful in
high-intensity radiant heating applications3.
Activity level: Sedentary = 70 W/m2
Clothing Insulation: 0.3 KW∙m2
Air Movement: 2 m/s
t° = 16 °C
Surrounding Temperature = ta = 0 °C
Assume tr = 15 °C
Comfort ERF (ASHRAE Calculations)
ERF = h ( t° - ta ) = 15.65 ( 16 - 0 ) = 249.19 W/m2
New tr = 70 °C
Mounting Height = 2.5 m
Elevation Angle = 45 °
Azimuth Angle = 0
62
Source Temperature = 2227 °C
Referring to ASHRAE provided charts and graphs
Projection Area factor = 0.3
Relative Absorbance = 0.85
d = Mounting height – Sitting height = 2.8 – 0.7 = 2.1m
IK,sitting (W/sr)= ERF(d2 ⁄ αK feff fp) = 125.83 ( (2.1)^2/(0.85*0.71*0.3) =3064 W/sr
For 60° spread
3064 * (60 (π/180)) = 3209 W
Cost Data
One (1) Radiant Quartz Lamp Comfort Heating Reflector Assembly (3.2kW 60° 208V)
222-60-TH-208V…..………………………….………………...……………$376
One (1) Wire Guards - 222 Series, CHWG-222 ………………………………….$21.94
Lamp replacement costs:
Life expectancy for the clear quartz lamps specified is 5000 hours warranted by manufacturer.
Depending on the frequency of usage for the bus station location, the heater will be set to work a
certain hours per day. Usage hours per day will determine how fast the lamps will have to be
changed according to their warranted life expectancy. Depending on the frequency of usage for a
certain location, the heater can be set to work more or less minutes per hour as needed, which
will change the frequency of changing the lamps. If 6 hours/day (15min/hr) for 6 months per
year usage, the lamps will last 833 days. If 12 hours/day (30min/hr) for 6 months per year usage,
the lamps will last 416 days. Two replacement lamps for the heater would cost 114.4$.
63
Table 13: Suggested Vendors
Vendor Name
Website
Phone Number
Fostoria
http://www.fostoriaindustries.com/
1-800-495-4525
Solaira
http://www.solairaheaters.com/
1-905-568-7655
UFO heaters
http://www.ufoheaters.com/
1-213-553-8440
64
References:
[1] MOR ELECTRIC HEATING ASSOC., INC. Fostoria Mul-T-Mount Quartz Lamp Comfort Heating
Reflector Assemblies [Online].
Available: http://www.infraredheaters.com/fostor.htm
[2] Fostoria Electric Infrared Heating Manual [Online].
Available:
http://www.infraredheaters.com/pdfs/fostoria%20electric%20infrared%20heating%20manual.pdf
[3] ASHRAE HVAC Applications Handbook (SI), 1999.
65
Prototype Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
Figure 21: Wind Turbine Engineering Drawing
In applications where renewable energy is a viable option for producing power, the
machine chosen to perform this task must harness and effectively convert that energy into usable
energy. The Savonius vertical axis wind turbine is a machine designed to complete this task. This
wind turbine is a drag type turbine which takes advantage of the ability to harness wind from any
direction with comparatively low cut in speeds. This wind turbine was found to be suitable for
the system design because it is designed for low wind speeds which are found in urban
environments.
This turbine is in junction with a generator by a pulley and belt connection to produce
electrical power. This junction transfers the mechanical power of the turbine into the generator
which is converted into electrical power. The generator is a permanent earth magnet generator
that lowers rpm due to the inverse relationship with torque resistance caused by the magnets.
66
Part description
Turbine Blade Base
The base is made out of a wooden plate
with a 20” diameter. The diameter for the
blade placement is 23.8”. Due to the fact
that the width of the base only added
structural support for the blades it was
applicable to reduce the size of the base to
Figure 22: Turbine Blade Base Engineering Drawing
reduce weight. Weight reduction was necessary to reduce pressure on the lower flask bearing.
The curves on this base represent the placement of each blade. The blades are fixed on a 60°
angle with its curvature tangent to the face of the preceeding blade.
Wind turbine Blade
The wind turbine blade was designed based
off of the necessary area of the wind turbine
used to produce around 70 Watts in 10 mph
winds. The total calculated area is 24.35 ft2
which is divided between six blades. The width
of each blade is 16.25 inches and the height
Figure 23: Wind Turbine Engineering Drawing
is 36 inches. The face of the blade is the plane where wind enters creating torque to produce
67
rotation. The face of each blade is sectioned 60° apart from one another and the curvature of each
blade is tangent to the face of the blade behind it. This placement allows for the maximum
amount of wind to hit the active surface of each blade. The blades are made out of thin aluminum
for its light weight and structural rigidity. The curvature of the aluminum also serves as structural
support by preventing buckling or bending caused by the wind force and the weight of the
system.
Flange Bearing
This bearing is used to mate the Turbine Blade
base to the cart base and for pulley attachments.
The flange bearing was chosen because it is double
sided which allowed the turbine to be fixed to a
base. Although the Bearing is not perfect it allows
Figure 24: Flange Bearing Engineering Drawing
the turbine to have partially frictionless revolutions about its axis of rotation.
Caster Bearing
This bearing was chosen to fix the top of the
turbine to the base cart. It was also chosen
because it allowed the turbine to revolve
comparatively frictionless about its axis of
rotation.
Figure 25: Caster Bearing Engineering Drawing
68
Pulleys
The five inch pulley is used on the shaft of the
wind turbine to transmit power to the 4 inch pulley
on the generator. This ratio allows for 20% rpm
increase from the turbine shaft to the generator
shaft to generate the necessary rpm to produce a
charging voltage on the battery.
Figure 26: Pulley Engineering Drawing
Belt
The belt that was used is a ½” by 5/16”
V-belt. This is the belt specified for use
with the ½” by 5/16” pulley. The pulley
and belt system was used for gearing to
Figure 27: V-Belt Dimensions
allow for necessary slip and absorption of force during variably high winds that may damage the
system.
Equations used and Analysis
54
1
1. 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∗ 16 ∗ 𝜌𝑉 3 This is the Equation used to calculate the area. Pmax is the
power 70 watts. ρ is the air density and V is the velocity. The Area of the turbine was
calculated based off an output power of 70 watts at the shaft and ten mph winds. This
power is based off the necessary corresponding voltage needed to charge the battery
used to power the system at around 14.7v. The area was calculated to be around 24.35
69
ft2. The Area of each blade was calculated to be around 4.0 ft2. This takes account for six
blades with a height of three feet and a width of 16.25 inches.
16
1
2. 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 27 ∗ [2 ∗ 𝜌𝐴𝑉 3 ] This is the equation used to determine the power produced
at variable wind speeds. In this equation A denotes the Area V is the velocity ρ is the
air density and the fraction 16/27 is the Bertz limit for the turbine.
3. 𝑅𝑝𝑚 = [
(𝑉)88
𝜋𝐷
] ∗ (𝑡𝑠𝑟) This is the Eqauation used to calculate the Rpm of the wind
turbine in variable wind speeds. In this equation V denotes velocity, D is the
diameter, and 88 converts mph to ft/s for the equation. TSR is the tip speed ratio, for
savinious wind turbine this number varies between 85% and 100% for turbines whose
blades extend to the axis of rotation.
4. 𝜔 =
2𝜋𝑅𝑝𝑚
60
5. 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 =
This is the equation used to convert rpm to radians per second.
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝜔
This equation uses power and radians per second to calculate
available torque at various wind speeds.
6. 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 ⇒ 𝑟1 𝜔1 = 𝑟2 𝜔2 This is the equation that was used to calculate the gearing
ratio to achieve the desired generator speed in ten mph winds. In this equation r
denotes pulley radius. The necessary radius reduction to produce the generator rpm
was calculated be around 17%. Due to the pulleys only being offered in 1 inch sizes
70
the ratio was set at a 20% reduction from the turbine pulley. The pulley on the turbine
shaft is 5 inches in diameter and the generator shaft pulley is 4 inches.
This table is used to calculate the necessary area for producing 70 watts in 10mph winds. This
corresponds to the charging voltage for the battery around 14 volts. The area wind turbine was
calculated to be 24.33 ft2. The each blade had an area of around 4ft2.
Table 14: Minimum Area of wind turbine.
Minimum Area
for 70Watts at
10mph
m2
2.260806463
2
in
3504.257026
ft2
ft per
blade
Height ft
width ft
width in
Diameter
in
Diameter
ft
24.33511824
2
4.05585304
3
1.351951013
16.22341216
23.861
1.988416667
71
Table 15is a sample portion of the wind turbine parameters used to calculate the power toque and
the speed of the wind turbine.
Table 15: Wind Turbine Parameters
Wind speed
(m/s )
1
Wind speed
(mph)
Power at
shaft
(watts)
rpm at
shaft
Rpm at
shaft
tsr=90%
ω
Radians/sec
torque at
shaft
(N-m)
2.23693629 0.783746 31.51222
28.361
2.9699569 0.263891
1.5 3.355404435 2.645144 47.26833
42.5415
4.45493535 0.593756
56.722
5.93991381 1.055566
2
4.47387258
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
5.592340725
6.71080887
7.829277015
8.94774516
10.06621331
11.18468145
12.3031496
13.42161774
6.26997 63.02444
12.24604
21.16115
33.60312
50.15976
71.41888
97.96828
130.3958
169.2892
78.78055 70.9025
94.53666
85.083
110.2928 99.2635
126.0489 113.444
141.805 127.6245
157.5611 141.805
173.3172 155.9855
189.0733 170.166
7.42489226
8.90987071
10.3948492
11.8798276
13.3648061
14.8497845
16.334763
17.8197414
1.649322
2.375023
3.23267
4.222263
5.343802
6.597286
7.982716
9.500092
Figure 28 shows the relationship between the turbine shaft power and the turbine speed. This
graph was generated from the full wind turbine parameter chart.
Turbine Power curve
Power (W)
4000
3000
2000
Turbine Power
curve
1000
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
rpm
Figure 28: Prototype Power Curve
72
Table 16 is a sample portion of the generator table used to calculate generator torque and
generator power. The generator voltage, rpm and current were pulled from the generator
specifications table.
Table 16: Generator Data
Generator
rpm
Generator
ω
Generator
Voltage
Generator
current
(Amps)
Generator
power
(Watts)
Generator
Torque
130.6451613
135.483871
140.3225806
145.1612903
150
154.8387097
159.6774194
164.516129
169.3548387
13.6811293
14.18783779
14.69454628
15.20125478
15.70796327
16.21467176
16.72138025
17.22808875
17.73479724
11.193548
11.645161
12.096774
12.548387
13
13.451613
13.903226
14.354839
14.806452
0.1612903
0.1612903
0.1612903
0.1612903
0.1612903
0.1612903
0.3225806
0.483871
0.6451613
1.80541103
1.87825182
1.95109261
2.0239334
2.09677419
2.16961498
4.48491155
6.9458897
9.55254943
0.1319636
0.13238464
0.13277665
0.13314252
0.13348479
0.13380567
0.2682142
0.40317239
0.53863313
Figure 29 shows the relationship between voltage and rpm and power and rpm. This graph was
generated from the full generator chart.
160
140
Power
120
100
Generator Power
Curve
80
60
Voltqage curve
40
20
0
150
200
250
300
350
Rpm
Figure 29: Generator Power and Voltage curve
73
Prototype Testing
Test 1 connection of 555 timer a-stable (AM)
Purpose
To set up and configure a 55 timer chip that will be able to synchronize a time for the desired
output. An a-stable circuit produces a 'square wave', which is a digital waveform with a transition
from low voltage and high voltage. The circuit is called the a-stable because the output is
continually changing between 'low' and 'high'.
Procedure: simulation of the a-stable 555 circuit that will rotate and cycle on and off using a 1k
resistor.
Material:







100uf Capacitor
1K ohm resistor *2
555 timer chip
Bread board
Led
330 Ohm resistor
.01uf capacitor
Figure 30: Connection of 555 Timer
74
Equation:
T = 0.7 × (R1 + 2R2) × C1
f=
1.4
(R1 + 2R2) × C1
T = .7*(1k + 1K) x 100*10^-6
T = .014 seconds
F = 1.4/(R1+2R2)*C1
Frequency would be 46HZ
Observation:
When I completed the installation of the 555 timer chip I was able to get an output of
every 1 second the LED would light up pack and forth. I know for the actual prototype I will
need to use bigger resistor so that it has adequate time to power the heating system.
Figure 31: Time Period Diagram
75
The Output of the square wave when performing the test with the 555 a-stable chip.
Figure 32: Output Square Wave
With the output high (+Vs) the capacitor C1 is charged by current flowing through the
resistor. The threshold and trigger inputs monitor the capacitor voltage and when it reaches 2/3Vs
the output becomes low and the discharge pin is connected to 0V.
The capacitor now discharges with current flowing through R2 into the discharge pin. When the
voltage falls to 1/3Vs (trigger voltage) the output becomes high again and the discharge pin is
disconnected, allowing the capacitor to start charging again.
Test 2 connection of the Monostable 555 timer Chip
Purpose:
A Monostable circuit produces a single output pulse when triggered. It is called a
monostable because it is stable in one state: 'output low'. When the output is high the state is
temporary. Build a monostabe 555 timer to understand how this will work for the system.
Procedure: Using the 10k resistor we will monitor the state of the monstable 555 timer and
monitor the time it takes to have a high and low output.
76
Material:
10k resistor *2
100uf capacitor
.01uf capacitor
LED
Bread Board
Figure 33: Connection of 555 monostable chip
Equation:
time period, T = 1.1 × R1 × C1
T = 1.1*10,000*10^-6
T=.11 seconds
77
Observations
By running this experiment understanding of how the 555 timer was used, and also noted that for
the prototype system a bigger resistor will be need for the prototype system.
Figure 34: Output Response
The timing period is triggered (started) when the trigger input pin 2 is less than 1/3 Vs,
this makes the output high (+Vs) and the capacitor C1 starts to charge through resistor R1.
The threshold input 555 pin 6 monitors the voltage across C1 and when this reaches 2/3 Vs the
time period is over and the output becomes low. At the same time discharge pin 7 is connected to
0V, discharging the capacitor ready for the next trigger.
78
Test 3 Connection of the Monostable and a-stable circuit
Purpose
The prototype will demonstrate a timing system that will switch the heat lamp on and off during
different iterations. The actual system will be designed to have a timing system during peak
hours when customers use the bus system, and a sensor, or button system during the system
hours for it to be used. This system will replicate and demonstrate how this will work. The
monostable represents during the course of the day its activated, and the a-stable represent the
cycles in which they are being used to heat people when the monostable is running. It is
important that we calculate the appropriate time we will want this system to run for.
Procedure: The procedure is connect the astable and monostable, together and to have it
displayed by two LED’s.
Materials:
o 820k ohm resistor
o 750k Ohm resistor X 2
o 2* 555 timers
o 2 LED
o 2 100uf capacitor
o .01uf capacitor
o Wires
o Breadboard
79
Connection of Circuit:
Monostable
1
2
a1
b1
a2
b2
5
6
850k resistor
100uf capacitor
10k resistor
3
a3
b3
a4
b4
7
330 resistor
LED
4
8
.01uf capacitor
voltage
Astable
1
a1
b1
a2
b2
5
100uf capacitor
2
6
750K resistor
3
a3
b3
7
750K resistor
330 resistor
4
a4
b4
LED
Ground
Figure 35: Circuit Diagram
80
8
Monostable Equations
Astable Equations
Monostable time results:
T = 1.1*850,000*100*10^-6 = 935
Astable tiem results:
T= .7(750K+750K)*100uf
High time = 103.94 seconds
Low time = 51.97 seconds
Results
Table 17: Testing Results
Attempts
Results
Attempt 1
No LED lit up bad connection in wire
Attempt 2
Bad 555 timer chip
Attempt 3
System not cycling correctly bad
connection of asatble capacitor
Attempt 4
System run correctly
81
Conclusion
With this test an analysis was able to be made that the 555 chip circuit will perform the
necessary performance for the demonstration of our prototype.
Test 4 connection of the relay to the system
Purpose
With understanding of the 555 circuit and with the circuit running properly it is now time to run
the test of the relay connected to the 555 timer. The purpose of the relay is to provide enough
current to run the inventor so that it can power our load which is a 125 radiant heat lamp.
Procedure: attach the 555 circuit chip with the relay and make sure that the system will work
together.
Materials:
o
820k ohm resistor
o
750k Ohm resistor X 2
o
2* 555 timers
o
2 LED
o
2 100uf capacitor
o
.01uf capacitor
o
Breadboard
o
3904 transistor
o
20 amp relay
o
1k resistor
82
Connection:
Monostable
1
2
a1
b1
a2
b2
5
6
850k resistor
100uf capacitor
10k resistor
3
a3
b3
a4
b4
7
330 resistor
LED
4
8
.01uf capacitor
voltage
Astable
1
a1
b1
a2
b2
5
100uf capacitor
2
6
750K resistor
3
a3
b3
7
750K resistor
330 resistor
4
a4
b4
1k resistor
LED
Ground
3906
transistor
Figure 36: Circuit Diagram
83
8
Results:
Table 18: Results
Attempts
Results
Attempt 1
Bad connection
Attempt 2
System runs and is able to draw 20amps
Test 5 Connecting the Invertors
Purpose: Connecting the inverter to the system so that the system will take the 12 volt dc
power and convert it to 175 watt ac power.
Procedure: attach the 555 timer with the relay, and connect the relay with the invertors.
Materials:
o
820k ohm resistor
o
750k Ohm resistor X 2
o
2* 555 timers
o
2 LED
o
2 100uf capacitor
o
.01uf capacitor
o
Wires
o
Breadboard
o
3904 transistor
o
20 amp relay
o
1k resistor
o
200 watt invertors
84
Circuit
Monostable
1
2
a1
b1
a2
b2
5
6
850k resistor
100uf capacitor
10k resistor
3
a3
b3
a4
b4
7
330 resistor
LED
4
8
.01uf capacitor
Astable
1
a1
b1
a2
b2
5
100uf capacitor
2
6
750K resistor
3
a3
b3
7
750K resistor
330 resistor
4
a4
b4
8
1k resistor
LED
Ground
3906
transistor
200 Watt Invertor
V+
C+
GND
Vout
Figure 37: Circuit Diagram
85
C-
H/C
Inverter Schematic:
Figure 38: Inverter Schematic
86
Results:
Attempts
Results
Attempt 1
Inverters does not power up
Attempt 2
Inventers cycles on and off
Attempt 3
Inventers does not power up bad connection
Attempt 4
Inverter makes a strange noise bad connection.
Attempt 5
Improve inverter connection
87
Inverter
The inverter is used to take the dc voltage and convert it to ac voltage. In the system for the
prototype has two inverters, one that is a 175 watt inverter and the other is a 200 watt inverter.
Schematic of the inverter
Equation: Test
Results: Amps X
Voltage = Watts
88
Power
Current drawn
175 Watt inverter
14.58 amps
200 Watt inverter
16.667 amps
400 watt inverter
33.33 amps
500 watt inverter
41.66 amps
Results: When inverter was connected to the load, the system worked just as calculated the
advantages of using the inverter are:

Can use large supply of power on a small batter

Can use AC applications

Can provide adequate heat

The inverter is efficient for small scale use.
89
Test of System
Purpose: The purpose of this test is to run the system with the wind turbine and the heated
system.
Procedure: Connecting the system with the wind turbine to the battery. The battery is then
connected to the bread board, in which the system is the connected to the 555 timer system. This
is then connected to the inverter and powers up the heated lamp load.
Materials:
o 820k ohm resistor
o 750k Ohm resistor X 2
o 2* 555 timers
o 2 LED
o 2 100uf capacitor
o .01uf capacitor
o Wires
o Breadboard
o 3904 transistor
o 20 amp relay
o 1k resistor
o 200 watt invertors
o Wind Turbine
o Two 175 watt heat lamps
Results:

The system is able to provide heat in a closed system
90

The system is having trouble charging the battery due to the limited amount of
current coming from the battery

The battery is low in Amp hours and is not providing a sufficient amount of
energy.
Ways to improve

Purchase a bigger battery with more amp hours

Purchase a wind turbine Charge control system

Minimize the amount of wires being used for the system
91
Prototype Electrical System Simulation (JZ)
The simulation of our electrical system was mainly to understand how our prototype will
work in the real world, and how to understand all the electrical connections between all of the
subsystems. We used Simulink provided in the ECE labs to simulate our results and using
Simulink we were able to change all values we needed to make sure that we got the needed
output voltage to get the needed output power.
We faced problems when we started building our system , mostly because the inverter
which is the most essential part in our electrical system was not found in Simulink provided by
our ECE labs, so the main challenge was to build and design an inverter which will be good
enough for our system. To know how to design an inverter we used the ECE 583 book “Power
Electronics” chapter 6 and we designed a Single phase Bridge Inverter. This inverter consists of
four choppers, when the transistors 1 and 2 are turned on, the input Voltage (Vs) appears across
the Load. On the other hand if transistors 3 and 4 are turned on the Voltage across the Load is
reversed and its now (-Vs).
For our electrical simulation we used a constant power supply of 14 volts instead of our
generator, this voltage charged the battery and supplied the load directly using a switch that was
working instead of a charge controller. The Voltage was going through the inverter which is all
packed in a universal bridge in Simulink. After the simulation was finished we got the graph of
the output voltage and the output power. Also we got the charging and discharging of the battery.
92
Figure 39: Simulation of the PWM Generator responsible for the control system of the inverter
93
Matlab code for plotting the Output Voltage, Current and power, also plots of the charging and discharging
of the battery.
%% Simulation of the Electric Part (Senior Design 495(b) group #25)
close all
t=VI.time;
Voltage=VI.signals(1,1).values;
Current=VI.signals(1,2).values;
Power=P.signals(1,1).values;
figure
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(t,Voltage)
hold on
plot(t,112.5*sin(377*t),'r')
xlim([5/60 6/60])
xlabel('Time(sec)')
ylabel('V')
title('Inverter output voltage when the amplitude modulation index = 3')
set(gca,'ytick',-90:90:90)
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(t,Current)
xlim([5/60 6/60])
xlabel('Time(sec)')
ylabel('A')
title('Inverter output current')
hold on
plot(t,0.78*sin(377*t),'r')
set(gca,'ytick',-0.78:0.78:0.78)
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(t,Power)
xlim([5/60 6/60])
xlabel('Time(sec)')
ylabel('W')
title('Instantaneous output power')
hold on
plot(t,50.28+11.53*sin(2*377*t),'r')
line([0 6/60],[50.28 50.28],'linestyle','--','color','k')
%%
94
95
Figure 40: Plots of Output Voltage, Inverter output current and output power
96
Figure 41: Plots of Nominal Current chare and discharge Characteristics
97
Appendix A (AS)
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
Continuous Hourly Data
1.2kw
area
kwh
cost
payback
Bins
year Hours
Read hours
No Reading
Readings
3.56
0.134
4000
64.81627
TOTAL
READING
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Date
Time (Lst)
1/1/2009
52
1/1/2009
152
1/1/2009
252
1/1/2009
352
1/1/2009
452
1/1/2009
552
1/1/2009
652
1/1/2009
752
1/1/2009
852
1/1/2009
952
1/1/2009
1052
1/1/2009
1152
1/1/2009
1252
1/1/2009
1352
1/1/2009
1452
1/1/2009
1552
1/1/2009
1652
1/1/2009
1752
1/1/2009
1852
1/1/2009
1952
1/1/2009
2052
Wind
Speed
(MPH)
7
7
13
10
10
13
9
11
13
15
21
20
17
16
13
11
15
14
16
13
11
460544.1
Wind
Speed
POWER
(m/s)
Wind dir [W]
3.129194
180
18.4653
3.129194
160
18.4465
5.811361
180
118.034
4.470278
180 53.68855
4.470278
170 53.63375
5.811361
180 117.7531
4.02325
180 39.05905
4.917306
180 71.26495
5.811361
180 117.5925
6.705417
180 180.5207
9.387583
190 494.5029
8.940556
180
426.001
7.599472
190 261.1691
7.152444
200 217.4391
5.811361
190 116.5491
4.917306
190 70.55984
6.705417
200
178.856
6.258389
190 145.2662
7.152444
210 216.8405
5.811361
230 116.2681
4.917306
230 70.38964
108
36
8760
8750
486
8264
61.7129
Cardinal
Combine 0
SAVED
direction
and 36
0.002474
18
18
0.002472
16
16
0.015817
18
18
0.007194
18
18
0.007187
17
17
0.015779
18
18
0.005234
18
18
0.00955
18
18
0.015757
18
18
0.02419
18
18
0.066263
19
19
0.057084
18
18
0.034997
19
19
0.029137
20
20
0.015618
19
19
0.009455
19
19
0.023967
20
20
0.019466
19
19
0.029057
21
21
0.01558
23
23
0.009432
23
23
99.89%
5.55%
94.34%
Total Time
Total
Frequency
Total Power
diff
100%
Max
8264
99.35%
Direction
Power
Frequency
Avg Power
53953.63
381
185.5181
22
22
20
Average
Power [w]
6.01281844
71.3150392
68.2874715
54.1317865
45.1318398
47.9474978
66.4236339
50.1290834
51.980694
77.0397823
57.2511747
42.1888034
55.721993
58.3671719
52.9115565
52.06938
51.7505248
60.1648615
83.2472372
113.543407
Power
Density
[P/TP]
1.81%
2.82%
3.37%
2.69%
2.04%
1.81%
2.12%
1.69%
1.99%
2.61%
2.23%
1.52%
2.08%
2.59%
2.18%
1.78%
0.99%
1.16%
2.53%
4.31%
Power
Density
[AP/TP]
1.31E-05
0.000155
0.000148
0.000118
9.8E-05
0.000104
0.000144
0.000109
0.000113
0.000167
0.000124
9.16E-05
0.000121
0.000127
0.000115
0.000113
0.000112
0.000131
0.000181
0.000247
0
Direction
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Frequency % time
1386
17%
182
2%
227
3%
229
3%
208
3%
174
2%
147
2%
155
2%
176
2%
156
2%
179
2%
166
2%
172
2%
204
2%
190
2%
157
2%
88
1%
89
1%
140
2%
175
2%
Total
Power
[w]
8333.766
12979.34
15501.26
12396.18
9387.423
8342.865
9764.274
7770.008
9148.602
12018.21
10247.96
7003.341
9584.183
11906.9
10053.2
8174.893
4554.046
5354.673
11654.61
19870.1
109
Appendix B (MA)
Air density table
Air density [kg/m3] as a function of elevation Z [m a.s.l.] and mean temperature (from -25ºC to 40ºC) at the same
elevation. A lapse rate of 6.5 K/km and a sea level pressure of 1013.25 hPa are assumed. Power curves are often
referenced to 'standard conditions' corresponding to sea level pressure and 15ºC.
Z
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0
1.316
1.292
1.269
1.247
1.225
1.204
1.184
1.164
1.145
1.127
100
1.300
1.276
1.254
1.232
1.211
1.190
1.170
1.151
1.133
1.115
200
1.283
1.260
1.238
1.217
1.196
1.176
1.157
1.138
1.120
1.103
300
1.267
1.245
1.223
1.202
1.182
1.163
1.144
1.126
1.108
1.091
400
1.251
1.230
1.208
1.188
1.169
1.150
1.131
1.113
1.096
1.079
Z
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
500
1.258
1.236
1.214
1.194
1.174
1.155
1.136
1.118
1.101
1.084
600
1.242
1.220
1.199
1.179
1.160
1.141
1.123
1.106
1.089
1.072
700
1.226
1.205
1.185
1.165
1.146
1.128
1.110
1.093
1.077
1.061
800
1.210
1.190
1.170
1.151
1.133
1.115
1.098
1.081
1.065
1.049
900
1.195
1.175
1.156
1.138
1.120
1.102
1.085
1.069
1.053
1.038
Z
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1000
1.200
1.180
1.161
1.142
1.124
1.106
1.089
1.073
1.057
1.042
1100
1.184
1.165
1.146
1.128
1.111
1.094
1.077
1.061
1.045
1.030
1200
1.169
1.151
1.132
1.115
1.097
1.081
1.065
1.049
1.034
1.019
1300
1.154
1.136
1.118
1.101
1.084
1.068
1.052
1.037
1.022
1.008
1400
1.140
1.122
1.105
1.088
1.072
1.056
1.040
1.025
1.011
0.997
Z
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
1500
1.143
1.125
1.108
1.091
1.075
1.059
1.043
1.028
1.014
1.000
1600
1.128
1.111
1.094
1.078
1.062
1.046
1.031
1.017
1.003
0.989
1700
1.114
1.097
1.081
1.065
1.049
1.034
1.019
1.005
0.991
0.978
1800
1.100
1.083
1.067
1.052
1.037
1.022
1.008
0.994
0.980
0.967
1900
1.086
1.070
1.054
1.039
1.024
1.010
0.996
0.983
0.969
0.957
Z
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
2000
1.088
1.072
1.056
1.041
1.026
1.012
0.998
0.985
0.971
0.959
2100
1.074
1.058
1.043
1.028
1.014
1.000
0.987
0.973
0.961
0.948
2200
1.060
1.045
1.030
1.016
1.002
0.988
0.975
0.962
0.950
0.938
2300
1.046
1.031
1.017
1.003
0.990
0.977
0.964
0.951
0.939
0.927
2400
1.033
1.018
1.005
0.991
0.978
0.965
0.953
0.941
0.929
0.917
The air density for a specific elevation and mean annual air temperature may be calculated with the WAsP air
density calculator.
110
111
Appendix C (OA) *Engineering Drawings*
Minimum Area
for 70Watts at
10mph
m2
2.260806463
in2
3504.257026
2
24.33511824
ft
ft2per
blade
Height ft
width ft
width in
Diameter
in
Diameter
ft
4.05585304
3
1.351951013
16.22341216
23.861
1.988416667
112
Wind turbine parameters chart
Wind speed
(m/s )
1
Wind speed
(mph)
power at
shaft
(watts)
rpm at
shaft
Rpm at
shaft
tsr=90%
ω
Radians/sec
torque at
shaft
(N-m)
2.23693629 0.783746 31.51222
28.361
2.9699569 0.263891
1.5 3.355404435 2.645144 47.26833
42.5415
4.45493535 0.593756
56.722
5.93991381 1.055566
2
4.47387258
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
12.5
13
13.5
14
14.5
15
15.5
16
5.592340725
6.71080887
7.829277015
8.94774516
10.06621331
11.18468145
12.3031496
13.42161774
14.54008589
15.65855403
16.77702218
17.89549032
19.01395847
20.13242661
21.25089476
22.3693629
23.48783105
24.60629919
25.72476734
26.84323548
27.96170363
29.08017177
30.19863992
31.31710806
32.43557621
33.55404435
34.6725125
35.79098064
6.26997 63.02444
12.24604
21.16115
33.60312
50.15976
71.41888
97.96828
130.3958
169.2892
215.2363
268.825
330.6429
401.2781
481.3182
571.351
671.9644
783.7462
907.2842
1043.166
1191.98
1354.314
1530.754
1721.89
1928.31
2150.6
2389.348
2645.144
2918.573
3210.225
78.78055
94.53666
110.2928
126.0489
141.805
157.5611
173.3172
189.0733
204.8294
220.5856
236.3417
252.0978
267.8539
283.61
299.3661
315.1222
330.8783
346.6344
362.3905
378.1467
393.9028
409.6589
425.415
441.1711
456.9272
472.6833
488.4394
504.1955
113
70.9025
85.083
99.2635
113.444
127.6245
141.805
155.9855
170.166
184.3465
198.527
212.7075
226.888
241.0685
255.249
269.4295
283.61
297.7905
311.971
326.1515
340.332
354.5125
368.693
382.8735
397.054
411.2345
425.415
439.5955
453.776
7.42489226
8.90987071
10.3948492
11.8798276
13.3648061
14.8497845
16.334763
17.8197414
19.3047199
20.7896983
22.2746768
23.7596552
25.2446337
26.7296121
28.2145906
29.699569
31.1845475
32.6695259
34.1545044
35.6394828
37.1244613
38.6094397
40.0944182
41.5793966
43.0643751
44.5493535
46.034332
47.5193105
1.649322
2.375023
3.23267
4.222263
5.343802
6.597286
7.982716
9.500092
11.14941
12.93068
14.84389
16.88905
19.06616
21.37521
23.8162
26.38915
29.09403
31.93087
34.89964
38.00037
41.23304
44.59766
48.09422
51.72272
55.48318
59.37558
63.39992
67.55621
Generator Chart
Generator
rpm
Generator
ω
Generator
Voltage
Generator
current
(Amps)
Generator
power
(Watts)
Generator
Torque
130.6451613
135.483871
140.3225806
145.1612903
150
154.8387097
159.6774194
164.516129
169.3548387
174.1935484
179.0322581
183.8709677
188.7096774
193.5483871
198.3870968
203.2258065
208.0645161
212.9032258
217.7419355
222.5806452
227.4193548
232.2580645
237.0967742
241.9354839
246.7741935
251.6129032
256.4516129
261.2903226
266.1290323
270.9677419
275.8064516
280.6451613
285.483871
290.3225806
295.1612903
300
13.6811293
14.18783779
14.69454628
15.20125478
15.70796327
16.21467176
16.72138025
17.22808875
17.73479724
18.24150573
18.74821422
19.25492272
19.76163121
20.2683397
20.77504819
21.28175669
21.78846518
22.29517367
22.80188216
23.30859066
23.81529915
24.32200764
24.82871613
25.33542463
25.84213312
26.34884161
26.8555501
27.3622586
27.86896709
28.37567558
28.88238407
29.38909257
29.89580106
30.40250955
30.90921804
31.41592654
11.193548
11.645161
12.096774
12.548387
13
13.451613
13.903226
14.354839
14.806452
15.258065
15.709677
16.16129
16.612903
17.064516
17.516129
17.967742
18.419355
18.870968
19.322581
19.774194
20.225806
20.677419
21.129032
21.580645
22.032258
22.483871
22.935484
23.387097
23.83871
24.290323
24.741935
25.193548
25.645161
26.096774
26.548387
27
0.1612903
0.1612903
0.1612903
0.1612903
0.1612903
0.1612903
0.3225806
0.483871
0.6451613
0.8064516
0.9677419
1.1290323
1.2903226
1.4516129
1.6129032
1.7741935
1.9354839
2.0967742
2.2580645
2.4193548
2.5806452
2.7419355
2.9032258
3.0645161
3.2258065
3.3870968
3.5483871
3.7096774
3.8709677
4.0322581
4.1935484
4.3548387
4.516129
4.6774194
4.8387097
5
1.80541103
1.87825182
1.95109261
2.0239334
2.09677419
2.16961498
4.48491155
6.9458897
9.55254943
12.3048907
15.2029136
18.2466181
21.4360042
24.7710718
28.251821
31.8782518
35.6503642
39.5681582
43.6316337
47.8407908
52.1956296
56.6961498
61.3423517
66.1342352
71.0718002
76.1550468
81.383975
86.7585848
92.2788762
97.9448491
103.756504
109.71384
115.816857
122.065557
128.459938
135
0.1319636
0.13238464
0.13277665
0.13314252
0.13348479
0.13380567
0.2682142
0.40317239
0.53863313
0.67455455
0.81089929
0.94763393
1.08472848
1.22215594
1.35989196
1.4979145
1.63620356
1.77474097
1.91351018
2.05249608
2.19168482
2.33106373
2.47062117
2.61034643
2.75022963
2.89026167
3.03043411
3.17073916
3.31116958
3.45171867
3.59238016
3.73314826
3.87401753
4.01498292
4.15603971
4.29718346
114
Appendix D: (AM)
Specifications on transistor:
115
116
Specifications Sheet of the 555 timer
Trigger input: When 1/3 Vs active low this makes the output high (+Vs). It monitors the
discharging of the timing capacitor in an astable circuit. It has a high input impedance
2M . The trigger also represent a button that will start the 555 system in what ever
phase it is required to do.
Threshold input: When 2/3 Vs active high this makes the output low (0V)*. It monitors
the charging of the timing capacitor in astable and monostable circuits. It has a high
input impedance 10M .
Reset input: When less than about 0.7V this makes the output low (0V), overriding
other inputs. When not required it should be connected to +Vs. It has an input
impedance of about 10k .
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Control input: Usually this function is not required and the control input is connected to
0V with a 0.01µF capacitor to eliminate electrical noise. It can be left unconnected if
noise is not a problem.
Discharge pin is not an input, but it is listed here for convenience. It is connected to 0V
when the timer output is low and is used to discharge the timing capacitor in astable and
monostable circuits.
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