Stephen P. Robbins defines perceptions as –
“A process by which individuals organize and interpret
their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to
their environment”.
According to Udai Pareek & others – “Perception can be
defined as the process of receiving, selecting,
organizing, interpreting and reaction to sensory stimuli
or data”.
Examples of Perception
Young /Old woman illusion
Center circles
Perception Process
Inputs
Stimuli
Through
puts
Selection a
Organisation a
Interpretation
Output
s
Action
Environmental Stimuli
• For example. Objects and
people in the immediate
environment
Perceptual Selection
External Factors Internal Factors
• Size
• Personality
• Intensity
• Learning
• Contrast
• Motion
• Motivation
• Repetition
• Novelty
• Familiarity
Interpretation
Attributions
Perceptual
• Perceptual • Internal Versus
external causes
Defense
• Stereotyping • Causes for
success and
• Halo effect
failure
• Projection
• Expectancy
effects
Basic Elements in the Perceptual Process
Observation
• Taste
• Smell
• Hearing
• Sight
• Touch
Perceptual Organization
Perceptual Grouping
• Continuity
• Closure
• Proximity
• Similarity
Response
Covert
Overt
• Attitudes
• Behavior
• Motivations
• Feelings
Factors Influencing Perception:
1.) Perceiver
2.) Target
3.) Situation
Factor Influence Perception
Factor of Perceiver
• Attitudes
• Motives
• Interest
• Experience
• Expectation
Factor in Situation
• Time
• Work Setting
• Social Setting
Perception
Factor Perceived
• Novelty
• Motion
• Repetition
• Sounds
• Size
• Background
Perception Error
1.) Selective Perception
2.) Halo Effect
3.) Contrast Effects
4.) Projection
5.) Stereotyping
How to improve Perception
1. Perceiving one self Accurately
2. Improve self concept
3. Be empathetic
4. Having positive attitude
5. Avoid perceptual distortion
6. Open Communication
Specific Applications in Organizations:
1.) Employment Interview
2.) Performance Expectations
(Self Fulfilling Prophecy)
3.) Performance Evaluation
4.) Employee Effort
CASE STUDY