Organizational Behavior.
Group one
Assignment title
Perception , Attribution and
diversity
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PERCEPTION
“ WE DON’T SEE THINGS AS THEY
ARE, WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE.”
What is the perceptual process?
 Perception.
– The process by which people select,
organize, interpret, retrieve, and respond to
information.
– Perceptual information is gathered from:
• Sight.
• Hearing.
• Touch.
• Taste.
• Smell.
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Perception
― The study of perception is concerned with
identifying the process through which we
interpret and organize sensory information to
produce our conscious experience of objects
and object relationship.‖
― Perception is the process of receiving information
about and making sense of the world around us.
It involves deciding which information to notice,
how to categorize this information and how to
interpret it within the framework of existing
knowledge.
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Perception
• The process by which
individuals select,
organize, and interpret
the input from their
senses to give
meaning and order to
the world around them.
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Components of Perception
• The perceiver is the person trying to
interpret some observation that he or
she has just made, or the input from his
or her senses.
• The target of perception is whatever the
perceiver is trying to make sense of.
– In OB terms, the target of perception is
often another person.
• The situation is the context in which
perception takes place.
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Insert Figure 4.1 here
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What is the perceptual process?
 Stages of the perceptual process.
– Information attention and selection.
– Organization of information.
– Information interpretation.
– Information retrieval.
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•
Environmental stimuli
Observation
(Taste, smell, hearing,
Sight, touch)
Selecting Stimuli
External factors : Nature,
Location,Size, contrast,
Movement, repetition, similarity
Internal factors : Personality,
Learning, Motivation
Interpreting
Perceptual Error
(Defence, Stereotyping,
Halo Effect, Projection,
Expectancy effect)
Organizing
Figure Background ,
Perceptual Grouping
( similarity, proximity,
closure, continuity)
Attribution
(Internal External cause,
Learning,
Cause for success &
failure)
Response
Covert: Attitudes ,
Motivation,
Feeling
Overt: Behavior
Perceptual Process
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The Perceptual Process
1. Selection
– Process by which
people filter out most
stimuli so that they
can deal with the imp
ones (external &
Internal factor)
2.Organization
– The process which
people group
environmental stimuli
into recognizable
Eg – bell ringing, dog barking, coffee brewing
3.Interpretation
– An assessment of the
info collected for the
purpose of making
judgement.
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What is the perceptual process?
 Factors influencing the perceptual
process.
– Characteristics of the perceiver.
- Characteristics of the perceived.
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What is the perceptual process?
 Characteristics of the perceiver.
– The perceptual process is influenced by the
perceiver’s:
• Past experiences.
• Needs or motives.
• Personality.
• Values and attitudes.
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What is the perceptual process?
SELECTION - EXTERNAL
 Characteristics of the perceived.
– The perceptual process is influenced by characteristics of the
perceived person, object, or event, such as:
• Contrast. (stands out against the background- colored pen on white board)
• Intensity (more intense more perceived – loud noise when student attendi lecture)
• Size.
(Larger the size of external factor more likely to be perceived)
• Motion. (movement tends to receive more attention-video game)
• Repetition
• Novelty
(repetitive are more likely to be perceived than single factor-advt)
(familiar or novel factor in environment – elephant on road)
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What is the perceptual process?
INTERPRETATION – Judgemental error
• Similarity – tendency to see others
having characteristic more like our own
• Contrast – to compare at same time
• First Impression error – Quick
impression that are resistant to change
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How can the perceptual
process be managed?
 Distortion management.
– Managers should:
• Balance automatic and controlled
information processing at the attention
and selection stage.
• Broaden their schemas at the organizing
stage.
• Be attuned to attributions at the
interpretation stage.
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Factors influencing perception
A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes
distort perception. These factors can reside in the
perceiver, in the object or target being perceived or in
the context of the situation in which the perception is
made.
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• Factors influencing Perception
Factors in the perceiver
• Attitudes
• Motives
• Interests
• Experience
• Expectations
Factors in the situation
• Time
• Work Setting
• Social Setting
Perception
Factors in the Target
• Novelty
• Motion
• Sounds
• Size
• Background
• Proximity
• Similarity
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What is attribution theory?
 Attribution theory aids in perceptual
interpretation by focusing on how people
attempt to:
– Understand the causes of a certain event.
– Assess responsibility for the outcomes of
the event.
– Evaluate the personal qualities of the
people involved in the event.
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What is attribution theory?
 Internal versus external attributions of
causes of behavior.
– Internal causes are under the individual’s
control (personality trait, emotion, motive, or
ability)
– External causes are within the person’s
environment. (people, situation, chance)
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What is attribution theory?
 Factors influencing internal and external
attributions.
– Distinctiveness — consistency of a person’s
behavior across situations. Good
attendance and performer, even if late its
ascribed
– Consensus — likelihood of others
responding in a similar way (traffic jam)
– Consistency — whether an individual
responds the same way across time.
(person coming late)
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Diversity
• Diversity : the way we are different the
condition of having unique
characteristics ,
• The condition of being diverse : variety;
espicially : the inclusion of diverse ( as
people of different races and cultures )
• In group or organization
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Aspects of diversity
Age
Race
Gender
Ethnicity
Physical attributes
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Understanding diversity
Diversity is more than just tolerating
differences.
It is respecting, appreciating , and
understanding the varying characteristics
of individuals .
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Continue..
Every one is unique and no single person
is representative of certain group.
Stereotypes and other racial biases/
prejudices and damaging to the business
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Diversity of training
• Covers many topics ,the most influential
being .
AWARENESS.
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