– In the late 1700’s, enlightenment and revolutionary ideas spread from Europe and the United States to Latin America.
– Nationalism, Creoles
:
– Identify two effects of the French
Revolution and Napoleon on Europe.

• European nations had established colonies in Latin
America
• Colonies began to rebel in the early 1800’s

Enlightenment
Ideas
Success of American and French
Revolutions
Nationalism
Toussaint L’Ouverture
Independence movements
In
Latin America
Simon Bolivar
Haiti
Mexico
South
America
Miguel
Hidalgo
Jose de San
Martin

• Educated Creoles read works of Enlightenment writers
– Locke, Voltaire,
Montesquieu, Rousseau
• Success of American
Revolution showed foreign rule could be overthrown
• Inspired by ideas of the
French Revolution

• Nationalism?
– Feeling of pride or devotion to one's nation
• Nationalism often develops when a group is under control of foreign nation

• French colony became the first
Latin American colony to rebel
• Had large sugar plantations worked by African slaves
• Mulattoes had few rights

• lead a successful revolt against French control of
Haiti
– Self educated, former slave
– familiar with enlightenment ideas
– Capable military leader
• Haitian slaves won their freedom in 1798

• Napoleon had sent French troops to retake Haiti
– French attempts to retake
Haiti failed
– Toussaint was captured and sent back to France
– Died in a prison in the Alps
• Haiti becomes first independent Latin American nation
– Jan 1804
– Became a republic in 1820
• Inspired other Latin
American colonies to rebel

• What role did Toussaint L’ Overture in encouraging revolutions in Latin
America?

– Latin Leaders such as Toussaint L’
Ouverture, Simon Bolivar, and Jose de
San Martin led popular movements to overthrow European rule.
– Liberation
:
– Which social class in the Spanish class system was most familiar with enlightenment ideas?

“My friends and countrymen neither the king nor tributes exist for us any longer.
We have borne this shameful tax, which only suits slaves, for three centuries as a sign of tyranny and servitude: [a] terrible stain which we shall know how to wash away with our efforts. The moment of our freedom has arrived, the hour of our liberty has struck; and if you recognized its great value, you will help me defend it from the ambitious grasp of the tyrants.
• Mexican priest
• Began a 11 year revolution against
Spanish rule in Mexico in 1810
– Hidalgo defeated in
1811
– Jose Morelos and others continue the fight
– Mexico gains independence in 1821

• Napoleon conquered
Spain and made his brother King (1808)
• Creoles in Latin
American colonies refused to support non-Spanish ruler
– Enlightenment idea?
• Consent of the Governed-
John Locke
– Revolutions broke out in several Spanish colonies in Latin America (1810)

• Educated creole
• Inspired by enlightenment and
American and French
Revolutions
• Led independence movements against
Spanish rule in South
America
– Nicknamed the
“liberator”

• Led military campaign that won independence for:
– Venezuela
– Columbia
– Ecuador
– Peru
– Bolivia

• Joined forces with Bolivar
• Defeated
Spanish in
Argentina and
Chile

• Bolivar was unsuccessful in creating a united
Latin American state
– Gran Columbia
• Former Spanish colonies divided into separate independent states

• Why did revolutionary leaders in Latin
America feel that they were justified in rebelling against foreign rule?