The Industrial Revolution
• In our modern world, we make daily use of
the products of an industrialised era.
• These products include a wide variety of
goods manufactured for our consumption.
• It has not always been like this.
• There was a time when almost all products were
hand-made and the factory system did not exist.
• This was called Cottage Industry
• The transition from a world of cottage
industry to a factory system is known as the
Industrial Revolution.
Booming Britain
• The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in
the 1780’s.
• In a little over a century, Britain went from a
largely rural, agrarian population to a country
of industrialized towns, factories, mines and
workshops.
• Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in
Britain?
1. Resources
• Britain was a small nation in area but had
large supplies of coal to power steam engines
• Also had plentiful iron to build new machines
• In addition to natural resources, labor supply
was necessary. Many workers were needed to
mine coal and iron, build factories, and run
machines
Coal Mining in Britain:
1800-1914
1800
1 ton of coal
50, 000 miners
1850
30 tons
200, 000 miners
1880
300 million tons
500, 000 miners
1914
250 million tons
1, 200, 000 miners
Young Coal Miners
Child Labor in the Mines
Child
“hurriers”
British Iron Production
Newcomen Steam Engine
2. New Technology
• -In 1700’s, Britain had plenty of skilled
mechanics, eager to meet demand for new
practical inventions
• -Many of these new inventions were
agricultural.
• Perhaps the most important of these was the
seed drill.
Revolution in Agriculture
• Up until this period, farmers planted the seeds
for cereal crops by carrying the seeds in a bag and
walking up and down the field throwing or
spreading the seed.
• They dropped the seed by hand on to the
ploughed ground.
• The problem with this method was that it did not
give a very even distribution. It was not,
therefore, an efficient use of the seed and much
of it was wasted.
Seed Drill
• Jethro Tull invented a Seed Drill which could
be pulled behind a horse. It consisted of a
wheeled vehicle containing a box filled with
grain.
• There was a wheel-driven ratchet that sprayed
the seed out evenly as the Seed Drill was
pulled across the field.
Jethro Tull
3. Economic Conditions
• Trade from growing overseas empire helped
British economy prosper
• With slave trade, business class accumulated
capital (wealth) to invest in enterprises such
as shipping, mines, railroads, factories
• Many entrepreneurs were willing to risk their
wealth in new ventures
• Population explosion increased demand for
goods
4. Political/Social Conditions
• Stable government supported economic
growth
• Built strong navy to protect empire and
overseas trade
• Religious attitudes played a role – many
entrepreneurs came from religious groups
that encouraged thrift and hard work
The Enclosure Movement
“Enclosed” Lands Today
Changes in Textile Industry
• -IR first took hold in Britain’s largest industry –
textiles
• -1600’s – cotton cloth imported from India
became popular
• -Merchants tried to organize cotton cloth industry
at home
• -developed “putting out” system – raw cotton
distributed to peasant families who spun it into
thread and wove thread into cloth
• -artisans in towns then finished and dyed the
cloth.
Bellringer
• Write a summary using the following vocab terms:
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Industrial revolution
Britain
Cottage industry
Textiles
Seed Drill
Enclosure movement
Urbanization
Coal
Iron
Factory system
First Factories
• New machines doomed putting out system,
but were too large and expensive to be
operated at home.
• Manufacturers built long sheds to house
them. Often by streams.
• Spinners and weavers came every day to work
in these first factories
Factory Production
•
Concentrates production in one place
[materials, labor].
•
Located near sources of power [rather than
labor or markets].
•
Requires a lot of capital investment[factory,
machines, etc.] more than skilled labor.
•
Only 10% of English industry in 1850.
Textile Factory
Workers in England
1813
2400 looms
150, 000 workers
1833
85, 000 looms
200, 000 workers
1850
224, 000 looms
>1 million workers
The Factory System
 Rigid schedule.
 12-14 hour day.
 Dangerous conditions.
 Mind-numbing monotony.
Textile Factory
Workers in England
British Coin Portraying a
Factory, 1812
Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
Major Inventions in Textiles
• Cottage industry was slow. As demand for
cloth grew, inventors came up with several
machines that revolutionized the industry.
• James Hargreaves – Spinning Jenny (1764) –
spun many threads at a time
John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle” (1733)
Allowed weavers to work so fast they outpaced spinners
• Richard Arkwright – waterframe (1769)– used
water power to speed up spinning more
Spread of Industrialization
• By the mid 1800’s, Great Britain had become
the world’s first industrial nation.
• It had also become the world’s richest nation.
Productivity
• Great Britain produced half of the world’s coal
and manufactured goods.
• Its cotton industry alone in 1850 was equal in
size to the industries of all other European
countries combined.
British Cotton Imports & Exports
Spread of Industrialization
• The industrial revolution spread to the rest of
Europe at different times and at different
speeds.
• Belgium, France, and the German states were
the first to be industrialized in Europe.
• By 1850, a network of iron rails spread across
Europe.
Railroads in 19th century Great Britain
“The Rocket”
United States Industrializes
• The Industrial Revolution also occurred in the
United States in the first half of the 19th century.
• In 1800, more than 5 million people lived in the
USA, and nearly 6 out of every 7 American
workers were farmers.
• No city had more than 100,000 people.
United States Industrializes
• By 1860, population had grown to more than
30 million.
• Many of these people moved into cities.
• Eight cities had populations over 100,000 and
only 50% of American workers were farmers.
Railroads in the USA
• A large country, the United States needed a
good transportation system to move goods
across the nation.
• Thousands of miles of roads and canals were
built to link east and west.
Railroads in the USA
• Most important in this development was the
railroad.
• By 1860, about 30,000 miles of railroad track
covered the United States.
• By 1890, 200,000 miles of railroad track
covered the United States.
Industrialization in the United States
Effects of the Industrial Revolution
• The Industrial Revolution completely changed
society.
• Cities grew, and two new social classes
emerged
• 1. Industrial middle class
• 2. Industrial working class
Population Growth and Urbanization
• European population 1750: 140 million
• European population 1850: 266 million
2
The Industrial Revolution: Cause and Effect
Causes
•Increased agricultural productivity
•Growing population
•New sources of energy, such as steam and coal
•Growing demand for textiles and other mass-produced goods
•Improved technology
•Available natural resources, labor, and money
•Strong, stable governments that promoted economic growth
Immediate Effects
• Rise of factories
• Changes in transportation and
• Urbanization
• New methods of production
• Rise of urban working class
• Growth of reform movements
Long-Term Effects
• Growth of labor unions
• Inexpensive new products
• Spread of industrialization
• Rise of big business
• Expansion of public education
• Expansion of middle class
• Competition for world trade among industrialized
nations
• Progress in medical care