Ch 29/30 - The Making of a Land Plant
I. The Problems of being a “land” plant
In Water (the easy life)
On Land (the hard life)
Land Plant Adaptations
Cell walls with lignin, xylem, stems, turgor
1. Supportive
1. Non-Supportive
2. Retains water
2. Lose water
3. Reproduction easy
a. Sperm swim in water
b. Dispersal easy (float)
c. Eggs will not dry out
3. Reproduction hard
Pollen, flowers, fruit, sporopollenin,
a. Sperm can not fly
seed coats, protected embryo
b. Young not dispersed
c. Embryos need protection
Vascular tissue, roots, cuticle, stomata
II. The Characteristics of Land Plant
A. Growth at tips - apical meristems
B. Multicellular with dependent embryos retained in female part of plant “embryophytes”
1. Placental transfer cells (higher plants)
2. Foot (Lower plants)
C. Walled spores made in sporangia composed of sporopollenin
D. Multicelluar gametangia (antheridia & archegonia)
E. Alternation of Generation
Multicellular sporophytes makes spores that grow into a multicellular gametopyte that
makes gametes
Highlights
of
Plant
Evolution
)
(charophytes
BRYOPHYTES
LYCOPHYTES
MONILOPHYTES
GYMNO & ANGIOSPERMS
Structures
Alternation of Generation
Zygote
Mitosis
Gametes
Multicellular
Spores
Zygote
(2n)
Gametophyte
Sporophyte
Sporophyte
(2n)
Ploidy
Meiosis
Diploid (2n)
Fertilization
Haploid (n)
Spores
(n)
Gametes
(n)
(n)
Process
Mitosis
Multicellular
Mitosis
Gametophyte
(n)
Meiosis
Fertilization
Slide 14
Mitosis
Protected Embryos of the “Embryophytes”
Protective
Coat
Embryo
of a seed
Embryo of
a liverwort
Foot
Placental
transfer cells
Slide 1
Vascular Tissue
Xylem and Phloem in a
vascular bundle
Stem
Slide 1
Plant Clade Relationships
Slide 1
The Bryophytes
Thallose Liverwort
Hornwort
Leafy Liverwort
Moss
Slide 2
Apical Meristem Tissue
Leaf Bud
Root Tip
Slide 1
Phylum Lycophyta
Club “Moss”
Spore producing
strobuli
Lycopodium
Slide 2
Leaf Evolution
Non-Vascular ‘Scale”
Vascular Microphyll
All other
vascular
plants
Dichotomous branching
Scales
Tissues fill in branching
Microphylls
LYCOPHYTES
Branching
Megaphylls
Phylum Monilophytes - The Ferns
Phylum Monilophyte - The Horsetails
Spore producing strobuli
Equisetum
“Scouring rushes”
Phylum Monilophyte - The Whisk Ferns
Sporangia
Dichotomous Branching
Slide 2
Relationships of Sporophytes and Gametophytes
Moss
Fern
Flowering Plant
Slide 2
Types of Gymnosperms
Juniper
Cycad
Ginkgo
Sequoia
Bristlecone
pine
Fir
Cypress
Yew
Slide 2
Types of Angiosperms
SLIDE 2
Life Cycle of a Flowering Plant
Slide 2
Moss Antheridia
Moss Archegonia
Antheridia
Egg Cell
Archegonia
Sperm Cells
Slide 1
Fern Gametophyte with Developing Sporophyte
Archegonium
Antheridium
Rhizoids
(Why are they called “rhizoids” and not roots)
Slide 3
Lycopodium Gametophyte
Slide 3
Horsetail Gametophtye
Slide 3
Whisk Fern Gametophtye
Why is it brown and not green?
Slide 3
What is the difference between a spore and a seed?
Spores
Seed
1. Unicellular
1. Multicellular
2. Haploid
2. Diploid
3. Asexual reproduction
3. Sexual reproduction
4. First cell of gametophyte
4. Part of the Sporophyte
generation
5. Formed by meiosis (usually)
5. Formed by fertilization
after mitosis
Slide 1
Spores and Sporopollenin
Slide 1