Blood Cells Flashcards
The study of blood cells is called ___
A human body contains about ____ liters of blood
Blood transports _____ from the lungs to the tissues.
Blood also clears those tissues of _____
The liquid portion of blood is called ___
Describe the morphology of a normal RBC
How many nuclei does a normal human RBC contain
RBC’s are filled with a reddish protein called
What is the diameter of a normal RBC
The center of an RBC will appear _____ compared to the
rest of the cell
When did the first automated particle counters become
available
The _____ Principle of direct current electrical impedance
is still used today in automated profiling instruments
An RBC count below normal is
An RBC count above normal is
How is hemoglobin concentration derived.
Hematocrit is a ratio of ___ over ___
A normal hematocrit approaches ___%
Who first described worms in the blood back in the mid1600s
Who first gave an account of RBCs around the same time
Who described platelets as petite plaques over 200 years
ago
In 1902 James Homer Wright developed the Wright stain.
Why was this so important.
RBC are fully described using these 6 parameters
How many red blood cells are in 5 liters of blood?
What cells have no nucleus?
Why are red blood cells biconcave?
What are the smallest cells in the body?
What are red blood cells filled with that carry oxygen
throughout the body?
What is the average lifespan of an erythrocyte?
Where in the body are old erythrocytes destroyed?
What percentage of the body's cells are RBC's?
How many RBC's are destroyed (as well as made) per
second?
Hematology
5
O2
CO2
Plasma
Biconcave disc
None
Hemoglobin
6-8 microns
Pale
1958
Coulter
Anemia
Polycythemia
Sample is measured in a photometer at 540
nm after conversion of hemoglobin to
cyanmethemoglobin with Drabkin’s
reagent.
Volume of RBC’s over volume of whole
blood
50
Athanasius Kircher
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
Giulio Bizzozero
It allowed detailed visual examination of
blood using a microscope of things
previously difficult or impossible to see.
Shape, color, size, central pallor, contents
and function
30 trillion
Red blood cells
To increase surface area
Red blood cells
Hemoglobin
120 days
In the spleen and liver
25%
2.4 million
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Blood Cells Flashcards
How many RBC's are made each hour?
Where are RBC's made?
Hereditary spherocytosis is a red cell membrane disorder
What is the condition in which too many red blood cells
are produced and requires therapeutic phlebotomy?
What is any condition of red blood cells in which the
blood's capacity for carrying oxygen is diminished?
What is the lack of oxygen to the tissues called?
8.6 billion
In the red bone marrow
True
Polycythemia
What is the reduced blood flow to a tissue called?
What are some of the causes of hypoxia?
Ischemia
Ischemia, malfunctioning hemoglobin,
increasing altitude
Reticulocytes in the blood
Immature red blood cells
True
True
Hemolysis
Hereditary, acquired
What is the characteristic sign of anemia?
What are reticulocytes?
Anemia can be caused by too few RBCs.
Anemia can also be cause by iron deficiency.
What is the rupture of RBCs?
Hemolytic anemia can be ______, from autoimmune
disorders or G6PD deficiency, or ________, from
infections, or receiving the incorrect blood type in a
transfusion.
G6PD deficiency is hereditary and X-linked, so almost all
are ______.
G6PD is an ______ that is important for RBC metabolism.
G6PD is the most common human enzyme deficiency.
Pernicious anemia is also known as ___.
Pernicious anemia is caused by a lack of vitamin B12 or
intrinsic factor.
After gastric bypass surgery, the stomach is no longer
able to produce intrinsic factor, which is needed to
absorb ______, which is needed to make _____ in RBCs.
Without vitamin B12, the blood cells become fewer and
larger than normal, or _______.
Gastric bypass surgery patients must take vitamin B12
shots or sublingual supplements for the rest of their lives.
What is Thalassemia?
What is sickle cell disease?
Which group of people that sickle erythrocytes present
than other groups?
What kind of infections that the sickle shape can prevent?
What is hereditary spherocytosis?
Anemia
Hypoxia
Male
Enzyme
True
Megaloblastic anemia
True
Vitamin B12, hemoglobin
Megaloblastic
True
A hereditary form of anemia where the
RBCs have abnormal hemoglobin that
deforms the cells
A hereditary mutation resulting in one
valine amino acid substituted for glutamic
acid.
people with African ancestry
helps prevent malaria infections, but it also
causes blood clots.
The red blood cells shrink over time due to
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Blood Cells Flashcards
What is red blood cell (RBC) count?
What does Hemoglobin (Hgb) measures?
What does Hematocrit (Hct) measures?
What is a quick screening test for anemia?
How to perform the hematocrit test?
What does hematocrit measures?
What is the ratio of the hematocrit?
What percentage is normal hematocrit
What is a measurement of the average size of your RBCs?
What is elevated when RBC are larger than normal?
What is the term for larger than normal RBC?
Name one condition where MCV is elevated
What is the term for smaller than normal RBC?
What is a calculation of the average amount of oxygencarrying hemoglobin inside a red blood cell?
What is a calculation of the average concentration of
oxygen on the hemoglobin molecules inside a red cell?
What is the term for decreased MCHC values?
What is the term for increased MCHC values?
What is a calculation of the variation in the size of your
RBCs?
Having few RBC’s with various shapes is called?
Having many RBC’s with various shapes is called?
What is the practice of boosting the number of red blood
cells in the bloodstream by giving an athlete an
unnecessary blood transfusion in order to enhance
athletic performance?
Which athlete who won seven straight Tour de France
titles confessed to using blood doping?
What is the technique for determining which specific
protein type is present on the RBC membranes?
What are the proteins called when the cell membranes of
the red blood cells carry certain types of proteins that
problems with the red blood cell
membrane.
is a count of the actual number of red blood
cells per volume of blood. Both increases
and decreases can point to abnormal
conditions.
the amount of oxygen-carrying protein in
the blood.
the percentage of red blood cells in a given
volume of whole blood.
the hematocrit test
A drop of blood is drawn up a small glass
capillary tube and the tube is centrifuged to
pack the red blood cells at the bottom with
the plasma on top.
the percentage of blood volume that
consists of erythrocytes.
the ratio of packed red blood cells to total
blood volume.
about 45% (46% for men and 38% for
women.)
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
Macrocytic
Anemia caused by B12 deficiency
Microcytic
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
concentration (MCHC)
Hypochromia
Hyperchromia
Red cell distribution width (RDW)
Anisocytosis
Poikilocytosis
Blood doping
Lance Armstrong
Blood typing
Antigens (something that causes an allergic
reaction)
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Blood Cells Flashcards
another person’s body will think is a foreign body and
reject it?
What are the 2 types of blood antigens?
If a person with type A blood gets a transfusion of type B
blood, what would happen?
Which blood type is considered the universal donor? Why
is this possible?
Which blood type is considered the universal acceptor?
Why is this possible?
What is the rarest blood type?
What protein does the term “positive” or “negative” refer
to in blood typing.
What occurs when an Rh- mother has an Rh+ fetus in her
womb (from an Rh+ father), and she has antibodies to the
Rh factor?
If a woman is Rh- and pregnant the doctor will administer
an injection of what at 18 weeks and again within 72 hrs
after giving birth?
About how old is a fetus when it begins making Rh factor?
True or False:
During an Rh- woman's first pregnancy an Rh+ baby is not
at risk of Hemalytic Disease of the Newborn.
What protein is another RBC antigen and similar to Rh
factor; in that, it can cause Hemolytic Disease of the
Newborn.
Define Pathogen
Bacterium, virus, fungi, yeast, protozoa, and worms are
examples of what type of pathogen?
What is an example of a non-biological pathogen?
How many bacteria can fit inside a white blood cell?
Where do bacteria live in the body?
How do bacteria cause harm?
How many viruses can fit inside the nucleus of one white
blood cell?
How many viruses can fit inside the nucleus area of a
Type A and Type B
the donated blood will clump in masses
(coagulation), and the person will die.
O negative. It is possible because there are
no antigens on the blood cell.
AB positive. This is possible because the
plasma does not contain antibodies to A or
B or Rh antigens.
AB negative
Rh Factor
her antibodies will attack the red blood
cells of the fetus because her body detects
the Rh protein on the baby’s red blood cells
and thinks they are foreign objects. This is
called Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
(HDN).
Rhogam
18 weeks
True; during the first birth (or miscarriage),
the placenta tears away and that’s when
the baby’s blood cells get into the mother’s
bloodstream. This begins the immune
response.
The Kell protein. People either have big K
or little k proteins. Most people have little
kk. If one parent has big K (either Kk or KK),
the child can get Hemolytic Disease of the
Newborn.
Something that causes a disease.
Biological Pathogens
Toxic chemicals, asbestos are two
examples.
Bacteria are so small that hundreds of them
can fit inside one WBC.
They usually do not invade cells, they live
between cells of the body, using nutrients
in the area.
By secreting toxins
Thousands
Hundreds
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Blood Cells Flashcards
bacterium?
Where do viruses live in the body and why?
What happens when a body cell has been invaded by a
virus?
What is an antigen?
What are some examples of non-biological antigens?
List the Leukocytes
They always try to invade body cells
because they need host DNA or RNA to
replicate
The entire host cell must be killed by a
white blood cell.
An Antigen is anything that can cause an
immune response, not necessarily a
biological pathogen.
Pollen, dust, grass, or anything that a
person is allergic to.
1) Basophils
-Mast Cells
2) Eosinophils
3) Neutrophils
4) Monocytes
-Macrophages
5) Lymphocytes
-B cells
-T cells
What percentage of all Leukocytes are Basophils?
What is secreted by Basophil granules and why?
•
•
What interferes with the function of Basophils?
What is a Basophil that leaves the blood vessel and enters
the tissues?
What percentage of Leukocytes are Eosinophils?
What roles do eosinophils play?
•
•
Which is the most numerous White Blood Cell?
Which White Blood Cell is the first to respond to
infection?
What roles do neutrophils play in response to infection?
•
•
How many lobes does the nucleus of an Eosinophil have?
How do Neutrophils contribute to immunity?
When bacteria have capsules, they are harder to
phagocytize. What action makes this process easier?
•
•
0.5 %
Histamines. It causes
vasodilation so more WBCs can
get to the infection site.
Antihistamines
Mast Cell
1-4%
Ending allergic reactions and
parasitic infections. They
increase in numbers during these
conditions (Eosinophilia)
Neutrophils
Neutrophils
1) Phagocytize and destroy bacteria
2) Also destroy bacterial toxins in
body fluids
•
2-6 lobes
Engulfing bacteria and foreign bodies
(thorns, dirt) in a process called
phagocytosis. They release the contents
of lysosomes onto invader, dissolving it.
Opsonization by antibodies
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Blood Cells Flashcards
What has some bacteria around them developed as a
defense against phagocytosis.
True or False: If a bacteria develops a capsule, neutrophils
nor macrophages can not engulf that particular bateria.
The process of facilitation of phagocytosis is called?
What is the structure called when an invading bacteria
has the antibody attached to its cell membrane?
If a bacterium does not have a this structure, the
neutrophil can destroy it without opsonization.
When a capsule is present around a bacterium, what two
that best work together are needed to kill the bacteria?
This type of cell comprise about 5% of all WBC’s.
This type of leucocyte use antibodies for opsonization.
They phagocytize bacteria,old cells, and foreign bodies.
When monocytes leave the bloodstream and enter the
tissue, they are called?
What cells are considered to be the most numerous of
white blood cells?
True or False: There are more macrophages in the tissue
of the body than they are everywhere.
Neutrophils live only a few days where as
Monocytes/Macrophages live for how long?
What cells phagocytize bacteria until they die?
What type cell phagocytize and then take pieces of dead
bacteria and present them to lymphocytes so a larger
immune response can occur?
What are the two type of phagocytes?
What are Lymphocytes mostly needed to do?
Neutrophils and macrophages main function is not to
phagocytize viruses, but to what?
What do macrophages have that make them recognize
the surface of the pathogen’s cell membrane?
When macrophages phagocytize bacteria, pop their
lysosomes onto it and dissolve it, what do the
macrophages do to their own cell membrane and for
what reason?
Macrophages present pieces of T cell lymphocytes and
that T cell will present it to a what type of lymphocyte?
The B lymphocyte feels the shape of the bacteria pieces,
and the B lymphocyte can them launch an attack in the
rest of that type of bacteria still alive in the body. What is
this process called?
What is a lymphocyte?
There are two types of lymphocytes. What does one do
Capsule
1
Opsinization
Antigen-antibody complex
Capsule
Neutrophil and antibody
Monocytes
Monocytes
Macrophages
Neutrophils
1
Monocytes/Macrophages live for a few
months.
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Neutrophils and macrophages
Kill off body cells infected by viruses.
To phagocytize bacteria
Surface receptors
Macrophages place a piece of the bacteria’s
cell membrane on it’s own cell wall until
the macrophage finds a lymphocyte to
present it to.
B cell lymphocyte
Antigen presentation
Lymphocytes are cells which produce
antibodies to kill any pathogens which
invade the body.
One makes antibodies and the other
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Blood Cells Flashcards
and what does the other do?
What are the two main classes of lymphocytes?
Where do the B cells originate from?
B cell that has not been presented to an invader is called
a?
After a B cell has been introduced to an invader, the B cell
will mature into a what?
A mature plasma cell fights infection by producing what?
After the war of infection is over, the plasma cell will
mature into a queen called a what?
Where do the T cells originate from?
Who do the T cells attack directly.
What does a B cell mature into once they have been
presented to?
What is a function of a Plasma Cell?
What is the function of the antibody from a Plasma cell?
How do the antibodies of a Plasma Cell kill an attacking
cell?
How do the antibodies of a Plasma Cell kill an attacking
cell?
How do the antibodies of a Plasma Cell kill an attacking
cell?
Define the term Mononucleosis
What is the cause of Mononucleosis?
What is a characteristic of Mononucleosis?
What is Lymphangitis?
What is a visual characteristic of Mononucleosis?
What is the function of a T-cell?
How does a T-cell directly destroy bacteria?
How does a T-cell directly destroy a foreign cell?
Host body cells that have become infected with viruses
may be killed by what type of cell?
What are characteristics of a T-cell regarding the killing of
an invading cell?
What is the relationship of a T-cell and antibodies?
Which type of patient is at risk due to the function of Tcells?
engages in direct combat with viruses.
B cells and T cells
Bone marrow
Virgen B cell
Plasma cell
Antibodies
Memory cell
Thymus gland
They attack foreign cells including organ
transplants.
Plasma Cell
Secrete Antibodies
Kill the attacking cell
They attach to bacteria and pop the cell
membrane
They attach to encapsulated bacteria to
help neutrophils and macrophages to
phagocytize them
They agglutinate (clump all over the
bacteria, binding their receptor site so they
cannot cause harm)
A disorder of B-cell lymphocytes
The Epstein Barr Virus
Inflammation of lymph
vessels(lymphangitis)
Lymph vessel inflammation; usually from
infection
Infected lymphocytes have a scalloped edge
where they touch RBC’s
Coordinate the immune response by
recruiting other white blood cells.
Popping their cell membrane
Popping their cell membrane
T-cell
They do not need to phagocytize the
invading cell, they just kill the cell and the
macrophage dissolves the debris.
T-cells do not need the assistance of
antibodies in order to destroy an invading
cell.
Organ transplant patients
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Blood Cells Flashcards
What type of cell attacks the organs of an organ
transplant patient?
What types of drugs are designed to inhibit the action of
T-cells?
What cell is attacked by the HIV (AIDS) virus?
Where do T-cells originate from?
What does the Thymus Gland secrete?
What happens when a T-cell becomes
immunocompetent?
What are the three types of T-cells?
What is the function of a Cytotoxic (killer) T-cell?
What are the functions of a Helper T-cell?
What happens when a T-cell presents a macrophage’s
antigen to a B-cell?
What are the functions of a Suppressor T-cell?
What type of B-cell remembers how to destroy a
pathogen that has once invaded the body?
What is the function of Memory B-cells?
Why can Memory B-cells react to remembered pathogens
faster?
True or False?
A pathogen can get past the body’s physical and chemical
barriers and the inflammation response.
What are pathogens engulfed by?
What is another word for macrophage?
What does the macrophage release onto a bacterium to
dissolve it?
True or False?
There are still some pieces of the bacterium’s cell
membrane left.
What are surface proteins of macrophages also known
as?
Where does the macrophage force the antigens of the
bacterium?
True or False:
T-cell
Immunosuppressive drugs
T-cell
Thymus Gland
Certain hormones which can cause T-cells
to become immunocompetent
Makes the cells mature and start to work
Cytotoxic (killer), Helper, and Suppressor Tcells
Go out and directly kill bacteria or infected
host cells
Release chemicals called “cytokines” to call
more white blood cells of all types to join
the war.
Present the macrophage’s antigen to a Bcell.
Produce antibodies against that particular
bacteria
Stop the immune process when it is over
Tell plasma cells to “remember” how to
destroy that specific pathogen.
Memory B-cells
React to remembered pathogens faster the
next time it invades.
Memory B-cells already have the proper
antibodies stored up for that pathogen.
True
Macrophages
Neutrophil
The contents of its lysosomes
True
Antigens
To it’s own cell surface.
False.
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Blood Cells Flashcards
B-cells touch these surface antigens to make a copy of
their shape.
Which cell is presented the surface antigen?
B-cells create ________ against pathogens.
True or False?
Helper T-cells multiply and have two main roles
Helper T-cells activate which type of cells?
What does the Helper T-cell “tell” the B-cells to do?
What do the B-cells turn into?
Plasma cells multiply and produce _________ to
________ a specific pathogen
What is the second role of the Helper T-cells?
What do Killer T-cells secrete?
True or False?
Killer T-cells can destroy the pathogen itself (bacteria)
Why would a Killer T-cell destroy an entire body cell?
When an immune response is over, what kind of cell
stops the process?
What do Supressor T-cells “tell” some B-cells to do?
B-cells (plasma cells) now become __________.
What is leukemia? And what kind of cell does it involve?
What happens when one stem cell does not function
properly?
What is a result from a decrease of WBC?
Where are the immature white cells sent to?
Define Leukemia
True or False?
Even though WBC count is high, they are all immature
forms
Leukemia is a form of cancer classified as a disorder of
________ where too few mature ______ are made
True or False?
Lymphoblastic is defined as too many mature
lymphocytes
Too many immature neutrophils is defined as?
What do people with severe leukemia need transplated?
Before a bone marrow transplant, what has to happen
with the recipients WBCs?
Correct cell: Helper T-cells
B-cells
Antibodies
True
B-cells and Killer T-cells
Helper T-cells tell B-cells how to neutralize
the pathogen by presenting the pieces of
the bacterium cell membrane.
Plasma cells
Antibodies; neutralize
To activate the Killer T-cells.
Cytokines
True
It is infected with a virus
Suppressor T-cells
Suppressor T-cells “tell” some B-cells
(plasma cells) to “remember” how to
destroy that specific pathogen
Memory B-cells
Cancer of the blood involving the white
blood cells
It will make huge amounts of clones of itself
which do not function the right way,
resulting in not enough normal WBC being
made
The body cannot fight infection
The bloodstream
Leukemia can be defined as too few mature
WBC
True
Leukocytes; WBCs
False. Lymphoblastic is defined as too many
immature lymphocytes
Myeloblastic
A bone marrow transplant
The WBCs of the recipient have to be killed
off with a medicine since they are mostly
malfunctioning.
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Blood Cells Flashcards
The donor usually has a small cylinder of bone removed
from their _____
How is the bone marrow given to the recipient?
True or False?
The new WBC’s may kill the patient or it may save their
life
Define WBC count
True or False?
An increase or decrease is WBC’s can be significant
Define White blood cell differential
How many different types of WBC are there?
Name the different types of WBC’s
Neutrophils are also known as
Excess neutrophils is defined as
Too few neutrophils is defined as
Define thrombocytophilia
Define thrombocytopenia
How long do Lymphocytes live
How long do Erythrocytes live
How long do Platelets live
How long do Monocytes live
How long do Neutrophils live
Antibodies are also known as what?
What are antibodies made by?
What are typically basic structural unit?
What shape does the antibody form?
What are the tips of the “Y” ?
What does the stem of the “Y” do?
What is the hypervariable region?
What is the advantage of the hypervariable region?
What is the function of IgD?
What is the function of IgE?
What is the function of IgG?
Hip
I.V.
True
A count of the actual number of white
blood cells per volume of blood.
True
It identifies the types of white blood cells
present
Five
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes,
eosinophils, and basophils.
Segs, PMNs, granulocytes, grans
Neutrophilia
Neutropenia
Excess platelets
Too few platelets
can live a lifetime
4 months
about 2 months
30 days
about a week
immunoglobulins, abbreviated Ig
are proteins made by plasma cells.
each with two large heavy chains and two
small light chains
to form a unit shaped like the letter “Y”
have receptors that are specific for a
particular antigen
can be grasped by a phagocyte.
Small region at the tip of an antigen
allowing millions of antibodies with slightly
different tip structures, or antigen binding
sites, to exist
allows the immune system to recognize an
equally wide diversity of antigens
initiation of immune response
stimulates allergic reactions, good for
worm infections
highest concentration in blood, highest
amounts in most secondary responses.
Indicates infection was in the past. It can
also cross the placenta.
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Blood Cells Flashcards
What is the function of IgA?
What is the function of IgM?
Why are people sick more often as children than in their
20’s and 30’s?
What is Myasthenia gravis (MG)?
What are symptoms of MG?
What are platelets made from?
What happens when a platelet encounters a broken
blood vessel?
Platelets are responsible for what?
What is a platelet?
What is the primary function of a platelet?
Where are platelets located?
What Term means lack of platelets?
Primary vitamin that is needed for blood clotting factor?
Where is vitamin K found?
What is a Therapeutic use for Aspirin
What is hemophilia?
What is a thrombus?
What is an Embolism?
What is platelet count?
What can thrombocytophilia and thrombocytopenia
indicate?
secretory Ig, found in secretions,
highest concentration in body
produced first, best at C’ activation.
Indicates infection is current
we build up many varieties of memory
lymphocytes during childhood, providing
immunity from more and more antigens
during adulthood
autoimmune disease where antibodies
destroy or block receptors for
acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter.
Causes flaccid muscle paralysis
Pieces break off of a megakaryocte and are
known as platelets
it uses clotting factors (made in the liver
and circulating in the blood) to form a web
to clots blood.
clot (thrombus) formation
Is the cell fragment that is broken off from
megakaryocytes.
Function in clotting of blood
In the plasma called Clotting factor in order
for then to become activated form a clot.
They are found in Fibrin; it is made from
Fibrinogen.
Thrombocytopenia; it is abnormal lowing
concentration of platelets.
Vitamin K
Found in green, leafy vegetables.
Can help blood clots by blocking the action
of platelets. It
A hereditary disease of males, where they
are unable to clot properly because they
are missing some clotting factors.
When they get even a slight bump or bruise
they have to have an intravenous infusion
of clotting factors or they will bleed to
death.
A clot in a vessel
A thrombus that broke away and travels in
the blood stream. It usually lodges in a
smaller blood vessel and blocks circulation
distal to that point.
The platelet count is the number of
platelets in a given volume of blood.
Both increases (thrombocytophilia) and
decreases (thrombocytopenia) can point to
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Blood Cells Flashcards
What is the Mean Platelet Volume and how does it relate
to the age of platelets?
What are the uses of PT and PTT tests and which are the
coagulation factors they evaluate?
How Heparin is used as anticoagulant drug therapy?
What primary diseases are monitored by CBC and what
are the parts of a Complete Blood Count?
abnormal conditions of excess bleeding or
clotting.
Mean platelet volume (MPV) is a machinecalculated measurement of the average size
of your platelets. New platelets are larger,
and an increased MPV occurs when
increased numbers of platelets are being
produced.
The PTT test is used to investigate
unexplained bleeding or clotting. It may be
ordered along with a PT (Prothrombin
Time) test to evaluate hemostasis (the
process of clot formation).
The PTT evaluates the coagulation factors
XII, XI, X, IX, VIII, V, II (prothrombin), and I
(fibrinogen).
A PT test evaluates the coagulation factors
VII, X, V, II, and I (fibrinogen). By evaluating
the results of the two tests together, a
doctor can gain clues as to what bleeding or
clotting disorder may be present.
These tests are used to monitor heparin
anticoagulant therapy. Heparin is a drug
that is given intravenously (IV) or by
injection to prevent and to treat blood
clots. IV’s are also flushed with heparin to
prevent clot formation. When it is
administered for therapeutic purposes, it
must be closely monitored. If too much is
given, the treated person may bleed
excessively; with too little, the treated
person may continue to clot.
The complete blood count or CBC test is
used as a broad screening test to check for
such disorders as anemia, infection, and
many other diseases. It is actually a panel of
tests that examines different parts of the
blood and includes the following:
White blood cell (WBC) count
White blood cell differential
Red blood cell (RBC) count
Hemoglobin
Hematocrit
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
concentration (MCHC)
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Blood Cells Flashcards
Red cell distribution width (RDW)
platelet count
PT, PTT (separate test from CBC)
What is septicemia?
Septicemia (aka bacteremia or toxemia) is
the condition when bacteria invade the
body and circulate in the blood.
What entry points bacteria can use in order to gain access Bacteria can enter the bloodstream as a
to the blood?
severe complication of infections (like
pneumonia or meningitis), during surgery
(especially when involving mucous
membranes such as the gastrointestinal
tract), or due to catheters and other foreign
bodies entering the arteries or veins
(including intravenous drug abuse).
What consequences the presence of bacteria have in the
Bacteremia can have several consequences.
blood?
The immune response to the bacteria can
cause sepsis and septic shock, which has a
relatively high mortality rate (kills 1 person
in 5). Bacteria can also use the blood to
spread to other parts of the body (which is
called hematogenous spread), causing
infections away from the original site of
infection. Examples include endocarditis or
osteomyelitis.
What is the treatment of septicemia?
Treatment is with antibiotics, and
prevention with antibiotic prophylaxis can
be given in situations where problems are
to be expected.
What are the stem cells?
STEM CELL: A cell that has not matured and
differentiated yet.
What are the advantages of stem cells and why would
An embryo has lots of stem cells which
research use embryos as stem cell sources rather than the have not decided to become a nerve cell,
placenta?
muscle cell, liver cell, etc. Stem cells
become the type of cell the body needs.
The placenta of a newborn infant has many
of these stem cells, too, but not as many as
an embryo. That’s why people want to
research stem cells on embryos; there are
more stem cells there.
What is the first step for a stem cell?
To differentiate in order to decide which
cell it belongs to.
What is hematopoiesis?
blood cell formation
How many new blood cells are formed each day?
100 billion
Where are plasma proteins made?
In the liver
Where are blood cells made?
In the red bone marrow/spongy bone
Where is red bone marrow located?
Epiphyses of long bones, girdles (clavicle,
scapula pelvic bones), axial skeleton
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Blood Cells Flashcards
What are characteristics of yellow bone marrow?
What is released into the bloodstream once
completely mature?
Where are blood cells destroyed once they are old?
Where do T cells mature?
What cells originate from blood stem cells?
What happens when a RBC loses its nucleus?
What are reticulocytes?
What is the relationship between lymphoblasts and
lymphocytes
What are myeloblasts?
What is Leukemia?
What is an inflammation reaction?
What are the four signs of inflammation?
What causes redness in the stages of inflammation?
What causes heat in the stages of inflammation?
What causes swelling in the stages of inflammation?
What causes pain in the stages of inflammation?
What are the two types of immune response?
What are the two types of Adaptive Immunity?
What is active immunity?
(sternum and vertebral bones)
Contains many fats cells, located in long
bones of adults, has nothing to do with
forming blood cells.
blood cells
in the spleen and the liver
the thymus gland
erythroblasts: red blood cells
lymphoblasts: lymphocytes
myeloblasts: all other white blood cells
it gains room for more hemoglobin
cells with some bits of nucleus for about
two days
Lymphoblast give rise to lymphocytes
These are the stem cells that mature into
the other leukocytes.
Leukemia is cancer of the stem cells
When you get stuck by a thorn or have an
infected cut, the body goes through a series
of events called an inflammatory reaction.
– Redness (erythema or
rubor)
– Heat (calor)
– Swelling (edema or tumor)
– Pain (dolor)
Redness is caused from the blood vessels
dilating to allow more blood flow to the
area. Within the blood are platelets to clot
the blood, proteins to repair the damage,
and macrophages, which are white blood
cells that eat up the foreign body, bacteria,
or the dead cells.
Heat is caused because of the extra amount
of warm blood flow to the area.
Swelling is caused from the plasma that
leaks out of the swollen blood vessels.
Pain is caused from the pressure of the
extra fluid pressing on nerves in the area.
The immune response is divided into two
parts: Innate Immunity (WBC) and
Adaptive Immunity (Antibodies)
Active immunity and Passive immunity
Active means the person’s own body makes
the antibodies.
 Naturally Acquired
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Blood Cells Flashcards
–
What is naturally acquired active immunity?
In naturally acquired active immunity, which cells
secrete these antibodies, how long can they live, and
how do they attack?
Can you get the same cold virus twice?
Which diseases may kill you at first exposure?
What is a vaccine?
What is the point of vaccination?
What is an example of Artificially Acquired Active
Immunity?
What does passive in Passive Immunity mean?
What is an example of naturally acquired immunity?
What are the two types of passive immunity?
What are two examples of artificially acquired
immunity?
Are active or passive immunity for life or short life?
What are allergies?
The body is naturally
exposed to an infectious
agent and launches an
immune reaction
 Artificially Acquired
The person is injected with a weakened
(attenuated) or killed organism, as found in
a vaccination
It is when the body is exposed to an
infectious agent and the body has to work
to produce antibodies which specifically
attack that infectious agent.
The white blood cells secrete these
antibodies which will continue to circulate
sometimes for years, ready to attack that
type of bacteria and cause them to pop like
a balloon before the body can become sick.
No, you will become immune to it. Your
next cold is from a different virus.
Polio, diphtheria, tetanus, and influenza.
It is an altered or attenuated form of the
virus that the body recognizes as foreign,
but they can’t cause disease.
If the person is exposed to the real
organism later, the antibodies are already
there to kill it off without the body getting
sick.
An example is when a child is vaccinated
against measles as a baby, so when he gets
to school and is exposed to the disease, he
doesn’t get sick.
PASSIVE means the person’s body does not
have to make the antibodies.
An example is the passing of antibodies
from mother to infant in breast milk.
Naturally acquired or artificially acquired
The first example is when a person receives
an infusion of antibodies from someone
else. The second is an example of an ebola
survivor that donates his blood to another
infected person.
Active immunity is long-lived, and may last
for years or even a life time.
Passive immunity is short lived, and may
last only for a few months.
It is a hypersensitivity to substances such as
pollen or animal hair that would not
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Blood Cells Flashcards
What are the two types of allergic responses?
What is an immediate allergic response?
What will stop an allergic reaction for peanuts or
seafood?
What is a delayed allergic response?
What is an example of a delayed allergic response?
What is a wheal-and-flare reaction?
What are some examples of symptoms of an allergic
reaction?
What is localized anaphylaxis?
What is the definition of pruritis?
What is the definition of urticarial?
What is allergic rhinitis?
What is atopic dermatitis?
What are the symptoms of an allergic asthma attack?
What is an autoimmune disease?
ordinarily cause a reaction.
Immediate and delayed.
A reaction that occurs within seconds of
contact with the thing causing the allergy.
A shot of epinephrine will stop the reaction.
When the body’s first exposure to the
substance will not cause a reaction, but all
exposures afterward will trigger the
response.
Not itching the first time you touch poison
ivy.
Pruritis (itching), erythema on the skin
bronchoconstriction
mucous secretion
vasodilation (shock)
A reaction limited to the site of allergen
exposure
Itching
Hives
Hay fever
Eczema
airway edema
mucous secretion
inflammation
A hereditary problem where the body
thinks its own tissues are foreign bodies,
and it constantly tries to kill off its own
tissues.
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