The Presidencies of
Thomas Jefferson,
James Madison,
James Monroe and the
Market Economy
(Unit II, Segment 1 of 3)
■Essential Question:
–How did Jefferson’s presidency
change American government,
territory, & foreign policy?
■Warm-Up Question:
–How will the fact that Jefferson
was a Democratic-Republican
influence his policies as
America’s third president?
The period of time in U.S. history
before the Civil War is known as the
Antebellum Era (1800-1860)
–Early Antebellum (1800-1840)
• American nationalism
• Age of the “common man”
• Industrial revolution, rise of
“king cotton,” market economy
–Late Antebellum (1840-1860)
• Manifest Destiny into the West
• Sectionalism divided North & South
1. George
Washington
2. John Adams
3. Thomas
Jefferson
4. James
Madison
5. James
Monroe
6. John Q.
Adams
7. Andrew
Jackson
Jefferson’s defeat of
Adams is often called the
“Revolution of 1800”:
–For the first time, a new
political party took the
presidency
–Jefferson’s presidency
marked the start of nearly
30 years of political
dominance by the
Democratic-Republicans
Jefferson as President
■As a Democratic-Republican,
Jefferson tried to reverse
Federalist policies & reduce the
size & cost of the national
gov’t:
–He reduced the size of the
army
Jefferson believed that America should be
an “agrarian republic” that protects liberty
From
1800
to 1810,reclaimed
the population
grew
by
In
1800,
Napoleon
Louisiana
from
The
United
States
in
1800
2 million
people,
thousands
flooded
into to
the
Spain, but by 1803, he needed money
west,
& his
3 new
states were
to to
thesell
USA
fund
European
war &added
offered
Louisiana
Ohio (1803)
Kentucky (1792)
Tennessee (1796)
As
a “strict
constructionist”
Jefferson
The
Louisiana
Purchase
(1803)did
not know if he had the Constitutional
power to buy Louisiana but he did it
anyway
In 1803,Lewis
Jefferson
& Clark were sent by Jefferson to
authorized
map the
& explore this new territory; Their
Louisiana Purchase
findings revealed an abundance of
from France
natural resources for America
for $15 million
Jefferson easily won re-election in 1804
Jefferson’s Legacy
■ Jefferson came into office trying to
reduce the size & power of the
national government, but:
–By buying Louisiana, he
expanded government power
beyond that of the Constitution
1. George
Washington
2. John Adams
3. Thomas
Jefferson
4. James
Madison
5. James
Monroe
6. John Q.
Adams
7. Andrew
Jackson
James Madison won the
presidency in 1808 & 1812
– Madison was the architect of
the Constitution, was elected
to Congress, & served as
Jefferson’s VP
– Madison continued the
dominance of the
Democratic-Republican Party
& tried to continue
Jefferson’s policies of
limited national gov’t
The War of 1812
Unfortunately, the war between
“Free Trade
&
Sailors'
Rights”
England & France continued to
was a popular battle cry
cause problems for Americans:
–England & France continued to
violate American free trade
–The British navy continued to
“impress” American merchants
–Many Congressmen, called “War
Hawks” demanded war with
Britain to defend U.S. honor
Patriotism surged as War Hawks claimed the
War of 1812 the “Second American Revolution”
Madison
eventually gave
in & asked
Congress for a
declaration of
war in June 1812
TheThe
British
attacked
&
burned
War
of
1812
Washington, DC…
(1812—1814)
• The U.S. was
not ready to
fight when the
war
began
…and laid siege to
–Had awhere
weak
Baltimore
Francis
Scott
Key
navy
& poorly
wrote
the “Star
trained
army
Spangled Banner”
–The war went
badly at first
The
War of 1812
(1812—1814)
• Even though
Britain was
winning, they
were fighting
Napoleon’s
army in Europe
& wanted to end
the war in
America quickly
The
War of 1812
(1812—1814)
• The
In 1814,
Britain
Americans
&were
U.S.led
signed
by
the Treaty
of
Andrew
Jackson
Ghent
ending
who became
a
the
war hero
national
• Before
news
The victory at
arrived,
the
New
Orleans
led
Americans won
many
Americans
the Battle of
toNew
feel Orleans
as though
they won the war
Treaty of Ghent
■ Treaty of Ghent ended the war, but it
did not address trade rights or other
causes of the war
■ Effects of the War of 1812:
–Americans were united in a sense of
nationalism, believing that they had
beaten the British
–America entered an “Era of Good
Feelings” with a popular president
& booming national economy
1. George
James Monroe was elected
Washington
president in 1816 & 1820
2. John Adams
with a clear set of goals:
3. Thomas
–To promote national unity
Jefferson
4. James
–To promote America’s
Madison
power in the world
5. James
• Monroe was a DemocraticMonroe
Republican, but by 1816 the
6. John Q.
Adams
Federalists were so weak
7. Andrew
that the Republicans could
Jackson
do almost anything
The Era of Good Feelings
■ After the War of 1812, America
experienced an “Era of Good
Feelings” from 1815 to 1825:
–Monroe & the Democratic Republicans in Congress
used this time to promote
American nationalism
–Nationalism—the interests of
the U A should be placed
ahead of regional interests
American Nationalism
■Monroe & the Democratic Republicans in Congress promoted
nationalism & American unity
through the
–Economy: Encourage industry &
build better transportation to link
the South, North, & West
The American System
■In 1816, Congressman Henry Clay
proposed the American System to
unify the economies of the North,
South, & West
–Created a tariff to promote U.S.
industry & limit the importation
of British manufactured goods
–A nat’l system of roads & canals
The Market Revolution
■ From 1800 to 1840, the U.S.
developed a “national” economy:
–New technologies allowed the
North (industry), South (cotton),
& West (commercial farming) to
develop specialized economies
–Improved transportation reduced
travel time & cost to ship goods
which helped connect the country
The National Economy: The North
Technology:
By 1840, Eli Whitney’s
interchangeable parts &
other textile technology led
to an Industrial Revolution
in the North
Eli Whitney’s Other Major Invention:
Interchangeable Parts
Power Loom
Samuel Slater:
Sewing Machine
Father of the American Factory System
Spinning
Mule
The National Economy: The North
Specialized Regional Economy:
By 1840, Northern factories
mass produced textiles, farm
equipment, other finished
goods
The growth of factories in
the North led to an increase
in cities (urbanization)
Textile Production Before the Industrial Revolution
The Lowell Mill in Massachusetts
was the most famous textile mill
Lowell managers
hired
Textileyoung, single
girls to work & live
Production
at the factory
During the
Industrial
Revolution
1820
American Population Centers in 1860
The National Economy: The West
Technology:
Cyrus McCormick’s reaper &
John Deere’s steel plow
allowed western farmers to
grow enough food to sell
Cyrus McCormick &
the Mechanical Reaper
John Deere &
the Steel Plow
The National Economy: The West
Specialized Regional Economy:
The West became a network
of cash-crop farms producing
wheat, corn, hogs, & cattle
Commercial Farming in the West
The National Economy: The South
Technology:
In 1793, Eli Whitney invented
the cotton gin making cotton
easy to refine & very profitable
The Cotton Gin
The National Economy: The South
Specialized Regional Economy:
By 1820, cotton became
the dominant cash crop
of the Deep South
The spread of cotton
increased slavery &
plantation
agriculture in the
South
The Rise of “King Cotton”
■ Southern cotton was so important
to the antebellum economy that it
was known as “King Cotton”
–The South provided 75% of
world’s cotton
–Southern cotton stimulated the
growth of Northern textile
industry, shipping, & marketing
Slave Population,
Population, 1820
1860
Connecting
Regional Economies Into
a National Market
Economy
The Market Revolution
■ During the antebellum era, these
3 regional economies became
connected as a result of:
–Henry Clay’s American System
(tariff on foreign manufacturing,
& national funding for
transportation)
–A transportation revolution of
roads, canals, & early railroads
that built America’s
infrastructure
Transportation
Revolution 18201860
Rivers, Roads,
Canals, &
Railroads
Steamboats & Canals
■ Canals & steamboats helped
connect the West & East:
–Western farmers could now get
industrial farm equipment
–Canals & Robert Fulton’s
steamboat helped cut shipping
costs by 90% for farmers
–As a result, western farmers could
produce more food & make more
profits
st steamboat
Robert Fulton’s
The
Clermont,
the
1
Major Canals by 1840
The most important canal was
the Erie Canal (1825) because it
provided the 1st major link
between the East & West
Because the Erie Canal brought so much
trade down the Hudson River, New York City
became the commercial capital of the U.S.
Inland
Freight
Rates
Railroads
• In the 1830s,
railroad
construction
first began
• By 1860,
railroads had
become the
greatest
transportation
network in
America
Immigration
■ In the 1840s, millions of Irish & Germans
immigrated to the U.S.
– Immigrants filled low-paying jobs in
Northern factories or moved west
(Swedes and Norwegians to MN) to
become farmers
– Immigrants, especially Catholics, faced
prejudice from native-born Americans
(this was called Nativism)
– The Know-Nothing Party was formed
to limit immigration & keep immigrant
men from voting
Where did antebellum immigrants go?
Farmers
Immigration
to the US
1820-1860
Industrial
workers
Propaganda from the Know-Nothing Party
attacking German & Irish immigrants
Closure
■Chart:
–Big picture—where do we go
from here?
–Map background—what’s
keeping the country together
(nationalism?)
–What is going to start breaking
the country apart
(sectionalism?)