CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
BLOOD
HEART
BLOOD VESSELS
BLOOD
Chapter 17
Hematology=the study of
blood
Click Here For a Blood Tutorial
CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD
Liquid connective tissue
4-5 times more viscous than water
Slightly alkaline
Warmer than body temperature
Volume is 4-6 liters
• Men=5-6 L
• Women=4-5 L
Salt concentration of .85-.90%
CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD
• Heterogeneous mixture
Non-living matrix called PLASMA (55%)
Formed elements (45%)
PLASMA
FORMED ELEMENTS
• Erythrocytes= red
blood cells (RBC)
• Leukocytes= white
blood cells (WBC)
• Thrombocytes=
platelets
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
• Distribution
 Oxygen and carbon
dioxide
 Hormones
 Wastes
• Protection
 Clotting mechanisms
 Phagocytosis and
antibody production
• Regulation
 pH
 Body temperature
 Fluid and electrolyte
balance
ERYTHROCYTE
• CHARACTERISTICS
 Most numerous
formed element with
(4.8 to 5.4 million per
mm3)
 Very flexible
 No nucleus
 Biconcave disk
 Life span about 120
days
 Contains hemoglobin
HEMOGLOBIN=Transport Pigment
• Oxyhemoglobin
• Deoxyhemoglobin
• Carbaminohemoglobin
Hemoglobin values:
• Measured in grams per milliliter
• 14 – 20 g/100 ml in infants
• 13 – 18 g/100 ml in adult males
• 12 – 16 g/100 ml in adult females
ERYTHROPOIESIS
=PRODUCTION OF RBC OCCURS IN THE RED BONE
MARROW OF FLAT BONES AND IN SOME LONG BONES
Regulation of Erythropoiesis
• Hormonal Controls
– Erythropoietin
– RBC and Hemoglobin amounts
– Availability of oxygen
• Dietary Controls
– Adequate amino acids, lipids, and carbs
– Iron
– Vitamin B12 and folic acid
Regulation of Erythropoiesis
Life Cycle of Erythrocytes
ERYTHROCYTE DISORDERS
• ANEMIA
• POLYCYTHEMIA
 Insufficient #of RBCs
 Primary polycythemia
Hemorrhagic anemia
 Secondary
Hemolytic anemia
polycythemia
Aplastic anemia
 Low hemoglobin
Pernicious anemia - macrocytes
Iron deficiency - microcytes
 Abnormal hemoglobin
Thalassemia
Sickle cell Anemia
Erythrocyte Disorder
HEMATOCRIT
• 47% +/- 5% in males
• 45% +/- 5% in females
LEUKOCYTES
• CHARACTERISTICS
 Less numerous than RBC
(less than 1% of blood
with normal range of
4800 – 10,800 WBC/ml)
 Critical defense cells of
the body
 Distinct nuclei present
 Capable of diapedesis
 Demonstrate positive
chemotaxis
 Lack hemoglobin
TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES
• GRANULOCYTES
 Neutrophils (PMNs)
 Eosinophils
 Basophils
• Agranulocytes
 Lymphocytes
 Monocytes
TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES
Mnemonic Devices:
• Granulated versus agranulated
– “Every Boy Needs Mommies Love!”
• Relative Quantitates
– “Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas!”
LEUKOPOIESIS
LEUKOCYTE IMBALANCES
• Leukocytosis (amounts greater than 11,000
WBC/ml)
• Leukopenia (amounts less than 4,000 WBC/ml)
• Leukemia
 Acute leukemia
 Chronic leukemia
• Infectious Mononucleosis = kissing disease
THROMBOCYTES
• CHARACTERISTICS
 Involved in hemostasis
 Less than half the size of
RBC
 Numerous (250,000400,000 per ml3)
 Actually cell fragments
rather than true cells
 Life span is about 5-9
days
FORMATION OF PLATELETS
Regulated by thrombopoietin
STAGES OF BLOOD CLOTTING
• Step 1: Vascular spasms
 Endothelin
 Serotonin
• Step 2: Formation of a platelet plug




ADP
Serotonin
Thromboxane A2
von Willebrand factor
STEP 3: COAGULATION
• Phase 1: Formation of
prothrombinase (also
known as prothrombin
activator)
• Phase 2: Conversion of
prothrombin to thrombin
• Phase 3: Conversion of
soluble fibrinogen into
insoluble fibrin
Phase 1: Intrinsic versus Extrinsic
Pathways
Phase 2 and 3:
CLOTTING FACTORS
Hemostasis Continued
• Clot Retraction
– Also known as Syneresis
– Serum (plasma minus clotting factors)
• Repair: PDGF
– Stimulates smooth muscle and fibroblast cells
to divide and rebuild the wall
• Fibrinolysis
– Plasmin = “clot buster”
Factors Effecting Clot Formation
• Normal coagulation:
 Normal platelet #s
 ALL clotting factors
 Vitamin K
 Calcium ions
 TF and PF3
Preventing Undesirable Clotting
•
•
•
•
•
Nitric oxide
Prostacyclin (a prostoglandin)
Vitamin E quinone
Heparin
Anti-prothrombin III and Protein C
PLATELET DISORDERS
• Thrombus
• Embolus
• Hemophilia
• Thrombocytopenia
• Impaired liver function
• Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Effects of Drugs on Clotting
• Aspirin = antiprostaglandin that inhibits
thromboxane A2
• Heparin = natural anticoagulant produced by
basophils and mast cells that inhibits thrombin
by enhancing the activity of antithrombin III
• Warfarin = (a.k.a. Coumadin) interfers with the
action of vitamin K
Summary of Formed Elements
Summary of Formed Elements
BLOOD TYPING
• Blood types are base on the presence of
agglutinogens (antigens) present on the red
blood cell surface.
• Also, based on presence of agglutinins
(antibodies) in the plasma.
• The ABO and Rh systems are based on antigenantibody type interactions.
ABO BLOOD GROUPS
BLOOD TYPES
Blood
Type
A
Type of
Antigen?
A antigen
Type of
Antibody?
Anti-B
Receive?
B
B antigen
Anti-A
B, O
AB
Both A and
B antigens
None
None
A, B, AB, O
Both Anti-A
and Anti-B
O only
O
A, O
Rhesus Factor
Blood Type Presence of Type of
Receive?
D Antigen? Antibody?
Rh Positive
Yes
None
+ and -
No
Anti-D
- only
Rh Negative
BLOOD GROUPS
Type O
Type B
45%
10%
Type A
Type AB
42%
3%
ABO BLOOD TYPING
BLOOD TYPE TUTORIAL
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
BLOOD GROUPING DISORDERS
• Transfusion Reaction
BLOOD GROUPING DISORDERS
• Erythroblastosis
fetalis