Anatomy and Physiology
Biology 2122K
Floyd College
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
BLOOD
HEART
BLOOD VESSELS
Course Syllabus
http://www.floyd.edu/academics/divisions/smpe
/biology/jhargett
Or go to:
www.floyd.edu and follow links to academics,
science & math, biology, adjuncts, Hargett
Hematology - study of blood
BLOOD
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Liquid connective tissue comprising 8%
of body weight
4-5 times more viscous than water, salty
Volume - 4-6 liters
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8-12 pints
FUNCTIONS
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Transportation - oxygen, CO2, nutrients,
hormones and wastes
Protection - have cells that phagocytize
bacteria and produce antibodies; clotting
mechanisms that prevent blood loss
Regulation - pH, body temperature,water
content
Components of Blood
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PLASMA - is the liquid portion of the blood
and consists primarily of water (92%) and
plasma proteins (7%)
Proteins - albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen
FORMED ELEMENTS - solid component of the
blood consisting of erythrocytes, leukocytes,
and platelets
BLOOD = 55% plasma + 45% formed
elements
Types of Cells
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Erythrocytes - Red Blood Cells
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Leukocytes - White Blood Cells
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Carry oxygen
Immunity
Thrombocytes – Platelets
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Blood Clotting
Erythrocytes
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Very flexible, biconcave disk lacking a
nucleus
Most numerous of cells; 5million/mm3
Transport respiratory gases such as
oxygen and carbon dioxide
Approximately 120 day life span
Hemoglobin - Consists of 4 polypeptide
globin chains with a heme molecule in
each one

Each hemoglobin molecule can carry four
oxygen molecules

Each RBC can
contain up to 250
million hemoglobin
molecules!
Types of Tests

Red blood cell count –
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4.3 – 5.8 million/mm3
Hemoglobin –
11.8 – 15.9 g/dl - Females
 13.8 – 18.4 g/dl - Males
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Hematocrit 35-47% in Females
 41-54% in Males
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Reticulocyte – measures rate of RBC
production
Hematopoiesis
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Occurs in red marrow
Produces 1 oz. (100 billion cells) /day
Stem cells called hemocytoblasts produce all
types of blood cells.
Erythropoiesis:
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Hemocytoblast (stem cell)
Proerythroblast
Erythroblast (large numbers of ribosomes
produce hemoglobin and store iron)
Normoblast - loses nucleus and organelles
Reticulocyte - immature (still contain E.R.)
Erythrocyte - full process = 5-7 days
Hormonal control of blood
production

Erythropoietin
 Produced by kidneys & liver
 Production due to:
 Reduced RBC count
 Reduced oxygen availability
 Increased tissue demands
Leukocyte - WBC

Granulocytes Neutrophils - phagocytize bacteria (6070%);
 Eosinophils - associated with allergic
reactions and parasitic infections (2-4%)
 Basophils - involved in the inflammatory
response as well as allergic reactions;
granules contain heparin and histamine
(0.5-1%)
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Agranulocytes - play a crucial role in
immunity
Monocytes - phagocytic macrophages
(3-8%)
 Lymphocytes - involved in immunity; B
cells and T cells
(20-25%)

Thrombocyte - Platelet

Cytoplasmic fragments that are essential in
blood clotting; help form a platelet plug
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Platelets have a life span of only 5-9 days
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Normal platelet count :250,000-400,00/mm3
HEMOSTASIS
Blood clotting
Stages of blood clotting
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Vascular spasms - blood vessel constriction
Formation of a platelet plug - platelets stick to
each other and the collagen exposed in the
damaged tissue to form a plug
Coagulation - formation of a clot
Coagulation
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Involves two chemical, enzymatic pathways
resulting in the conversion of soluble
fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
Extrinsic pathway - cell trauma releases TF
Intrinsic pathway - all components in blood
Thirteen clotting factors involved; most are
produced in the liver
Vitamin K dependent - II, VII, IX, X
Stages of blood clotting
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Formation of prothrombinase (prothrombin
activator)
Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
Conversion of soluble fibrinogen into
insoluble fibrin
Factor (procoagulants) sequence
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12
11
7
4
9
8
10
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Hageman (glass) Factor
Plasma thromboplastin antecedent
Serum prothrombin conversion accelerator
Calcium ions
Plasma thromboplastin component
Antihemophilic factor
Stuart Factor (thromboplastin)
Coagulant Factor Sequence (con’t)
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10 - Stuart Factor
4 - Calcium Ions
3 - Tissue Factor
5 - Proaccelerin
2 - Prothrombin
Thrombin
Forms
prothrombin
activator
1 - Fibrinogen
Fibrin
13 - Fibrin stabilizing factor
Coagulation
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Normal coagulation involves:
 normal platelets
 clotting factors
 vitamin K
 calcium
Clot Retraction - contractile proteins tighten
clot
Fibrinolysis - clot dissolves
Clotting Disorders
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Thrombus - stationary clot
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Embolus - circulating clot
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Thrombocytopenia - deficient number of
platelets
Hemophilia - genetic bleeding disorder
Hemophilia
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3 types
Hemophilia A (classical) - lack of factor VIII.
Hemophilia B - lack of factor IX
Hemophilia C - lack of factor XI
Types A & B are sex-linked recessive..
Appeared in the royal families of Europe,
beginning with the children of Queen Victoria
Blood Groups - Typing
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Blood is typed into groups depending upon
the type of agglutinogens (antigens) present
on the red blood cell surface
The plasma may contain genetically
determined agglutinins or antibodies against
the blood group antigens that they DO NOT
have
The ABO and Rh system are based upon
antigen-antibody type responses
Blood Typing
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ABO system - people who posses the A
antigen on the RBC surface are type A; if you
posses the B antigen you are blood type B; if
both A and B are present you are type AB; if
neither A or B antigens are present, your
blood type is O
Type O - universal donor, can give blood to
anyone
Type AB - universal recipient, can receive
blood from any blood type
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Rh system - individuals whose red
blood cells possess the Rh antigen are
Rh+ (Approx 85%)
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Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
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Antibodies against Rh antigens are not
present at birth but are stimulated by
exposure
Only in Rh- mothers and an Rh+ child,
after exposure.
RhoGam - medication given to prevent
sensitization of Rh- mother
Blood Disorders - Erythrocytes
Anemia – due to decreased number of red blood
cells or a deficiency of hemoglobin
 RBC deficiency
 aplastic anemia - destruction of bone
marrow
 hemorrhagic anemia - blood loss
 hemolytic anemia - rupture of RBC’s
 Hemoglobin deficiency
 pernicious anemia - vitamin B12
deficiency
 iron deficiency
Blood Disorders - Erythrocytes
Thalassemia - faulty hemoglobin
Found in people of Mediterranean
descent
Sickle-cell - faulty hemoglobin
Found primarily in Africa and people of
African descent.
Provides resistance against Malaria
Polycythemia - excess RBC’s.
Sickle Cell Anemia
White blood cell disorders
Leukopenia / leukocytosis
 Infectious mononucleosis
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excess numbers of agranulocytes
 caused by Epstein-Barr virus
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Leukemia
predominate cell type
 acute (quick advancing
 chronic (slow advancing)
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