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Chapter Introduction
Section 1:
The Western
Pioneers
Section 2:
The Hispanic
Southwest
Section 3:
Independence for
Texas
Section 4:
The War with Mexico
Visual Summary
Chapter Menu

Why Did People
Migrate West?
Beginning in the 1820s, Americans began moving in large numbers west across the Great Plains. They headed south to Texas and west to
Oregon, Utah, and California. By
1848, the United States had taken the Southwest from Mexico and divided Oregon with Great Britain.
• Why do you think Americans wanted to move west in the 1800s?
• How do you think westward migration affected America’s relationship with other countries and native peoples?
Chapter Intro

Chapter Timeline

Chapter Timeline

The Western Pioneers
How did the idea of
Manifest Destiny influence the settlement of the West?
Chapter Intro 1

The Hispanic
Southwest
How did American settlement of the
Southwest cause tensions with Mexico?
Chapter Intro 2

Independence for
Texas
How did Texas gain its independence?
Chapter Intro 3

The War with Mexico
What resulted from the annexation of Texas and the war with Mexico?
Chapter Intro 4

Chapter Preview-End

Big Ideas
Science and Technology Several inventions in the early 1800s helped make it possible to settle the West.
Section 1-Main Idea

Content Vocabulary
• squatter
• overlander
Academic Vocabulary
• guarantee
• convert
Section 1-Key Terms

People and Events to Identify
• Manifest Destiny
• Jethro Wood
• John Deere
• Cyrus McCormick
• Kit Carson
Section 1-Key Terms

Would you leave home in order to start a new life in an uncharted territory?
A.
Yes
B.
No
A
0%
A. A
B. B
0%
B
Section 1-Polling Question

Settling New Lands
Americans moved westward and established new farms in the Midwest; later settlers traveled in wagon trains to the Pacific Coast.
Section 1

Settling New Lands
(cont.)
• In 1800, only around 387,000 white settlers lived west of the Appalachian Mountains.
• By the time the Civil War began, more
Americans lived west of the Appalachians than lived in states along the Atlantic Coast.
• Many Americans believed in the concept of
Manifest Destiny .
Section 1

Settling New Lands
(cont.)
• Congress passed the Preemption Act of
1830 that protected squatters by guaranteeing them the right to claim land before it was surveyed and the right to buy up to 160 acres at the government’s minimum price of $1.25 per acre.
Section 1

Settling New Lands
(cont.)
• Jethro Wood patented an iron-bladed plow in 1819.
• In 1837, John Deere engineered a plow with sharp-edged steel blades that cut cleanly through sod.
• Cyrus McCormick patented the mechanical reaper in 1834.
Section 1

Settling New Lands
(cont.)
• Latecomers to the Midwest set their sights on the Pacific Coast, partly because emigrants assumed that the treeless Great
Plains had poor land for farming.
• In the 1830s, American missionaries began traveling west to convert Native Americans.
Section 1

Why did Americans head west?
A.
Religious reasons
B.
The chance to own their own farms
C.
Political reasons
D.
A and B
E.
B and C
A. A
B. B
C. C
A
0% 0% 0% D. D 0%
B C
E. E
D
0%
E
Section 1

Westward Migration
Emigrant groups followed specific trails through territory belonging to
Native Americans.
Section 1

Westward Migration
(cont.)
• Much of the terrain from the edge of the frontier to the Pacific was difficult.
• A small number of trailblazers—mountain men like Kit Carson and Jim Bridger —made their living by trapping beaver and selling the fur to traders.
Section 1

Westward Migration
(cont.)
• Trails carved out by the mountain men:
− Oregon Trail
− California Trail
− Santa Fe Trail
• Once the trails became well-worn, most of the travelers —known as overlanders — found their own way with the help of guidebooks.
Overland Trails West, 1840 –1860
Section 1

Westward Migration
(cont.)
• Early travelers feared attacks by Native
Americans, but such encounters were rare.
• Native Americans often helped the emigrants.
• As the traffic west increased, Native
Americans did become concerned and angry.
• The federal government negotiated the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1851 in hopes of keeping peace.
Section 1

Westward Migration
(cont.)
• In order to find religious freedom, several thousand Mormons forged their way along a path that became known as the Mormon
Trail.
• They stopped at the Great Salt Lake in what is now Utah.
Section 1

The typical trip from east to west took how many months?
A.
Two
B.
Four
C.
Six
D.
Eight
A. A
B. B
A
0%
B
D. D
0%
D
Section 1

Section 1-End

Big Ideas
Trade, War, and Migration Americans began to settle in the Mexican borderlands, leading to conflict with the
Mexican government.
Section 2-Main Idea

Content Vocabulary
• secularize
• mestizo
• vaqueros
Academic Vocabulary
• civil
• ultimately
Section 2-Key Terms

People and Events to Identify
• John Sutter
• William Becknell
• Santa Fe Trail
• Tejano
Section 2-Key Terms

Do you feel that Christian missionaries should have tried to convert Native Americans?
A.
Yes
B.
No
A
0%
A. A
B. B
0%
B
Section 2-Polling Question

Mexican Independence and the Borderlands
Far from Mexico City, the Mexican borderlands were sparsely populated; the region’s economy centered on cattle and sheep ranching.
Section 2

Mexican Independence and the Borderlands
(cont.)
• In 1821, after more than a decade of fighting, Mexico won its independence from
Spain.
− During this struggle it neglected its northern borderlands, which were threatened on several fronts.
Section 2

Mexican Independence and the Borderlands
(cont.)
− The Spanish had expanded the territory of
New Spain by establishing missions on the northern frontier.
− In the early 1800s, the mission system was in decline.
Section 2

Mexican Independence and the Borderlands
(cont.)
• In 1834, the Mexican government secularized the missions and then transferred the land to private ownership.
• Political chaos followed Mexican independence.
Section 2

Mexican Independence and the Borderlands
(cont.)
• The society of California was broken up into these classes:
− Rancheros
− Mestizos —some of this middle class worked as vaqueros , but many were skilled craftsmen.
− Native Americans
Section 2

Mexican Independence and the Borderlands
(cont.)
• As in California, Mexican independence brought little immediate change to New
Mexico.
Section 2

Which of the following classes constituted less than 10% of
California’s population but dominated the society?
A.
Rancheros
B.
Mestizos
C.
D.
Vaqueros
Native Americans
A
0%
A. A
B. B
C. C
0% 0%
B
D. D
C
0%
D
Section 2

Americans Arrive in the Borderlands
Trade between the borderlands and the
United States increased after Mexican independence; Americans began to settle in the Southwest.
Section 2

Americans Arrive in the Borderlands
(cont.)
• After Mexican independence, American influence in the borderlands increased.
• In 1839, hoping to attract more settlers, Juan
Bautista Alvarado, governor of California, granted 50,000 acres in the Sacramento
Valley to John Sutter .
− “Sutter’s Fort” was often the first stopping point for Americans reaching California.
Section 2

Americans Arrive in the Borderlands
(cont.)
• American trader, William Becknell , opened the Santa Fe Trail , which became a major trade route connecting Santa Fe with
Independence, Missouri.
• Texas was a sparsely populated region where settlers faced recurring raids by the
Comanche and Apache.
Section 2

Americans Arrive in the Borderlands
(cont.)
• Most of the 2,500 Spanish-speaking Tejanos were concentrated in San Antonio and
Goliad.
• The decision to invite Americans to settle in
Texas ultimately led to a revolt against
Mexican rule and independence for Texas.
Section 2

Before the Santa Fe Trail, New Mexicans received most of their manufactured goods from which area?
A.
Europe
B.
The state of Chihuahua
C.
The Northeastern states
D.
Texas
A
0%
B
A. A
B. B
D. D
0%
D
Section 2

Section 2-End

Big Ideas
Culture and Beliefs Americans in Texas hoped to transplant American institutions to their new homeland.
Section 3-Main Idea

Content Vocabulary
• empresario
• annexation
Academic Vocabulary
• convention
• reinforcement
Section 3-Key Terms

People and Events to Identify
• National Colonization Act
• Washington-on-the-Brazos
• Antonio López de Santa Anna
• Sam Houston
• Alamo
• William B. Travis
Section 3-Key Terms

Do you feel that the United States had the right to claim Texas?
A.
Yes
B.
No
A
0%
A. A
B. B
0%
B
Section 3-Polling Question

Opening Texas to Americans
Mexico invited Americans to settle in
Texas but insisted that they adopt local customs, obey Mexican law, and convert to Catholicism.
Section 3

Opening Texas to Americans
(cont.)
• Unable to persuade its own citizens to settle on this frontier, Mexico decided to continue
Spanish policy and allow foreigners to settle there.
American Settlement in Texas
Section 3

Opening Texas to Americans
(cont.)
• Between 1823 and 1825, Mexico passed three colonization laws:
− New immigrants would receive a ten-year exemption from paying taxes but were required to become Mexican citizens.
− They must abide by Mexican law.
− They must convert to Catholicism.
American Settlement in Texas
Section 3

Opening Texas to Americans
(cont.)
• Although some American emigrants headed to Texas on their own, most came at the encouragement of empresarios .
− Under the National Colonization Act ,
Mexico gave 26 empresarios large grants of Texas land.
− In exchange, the empresarios promised to fill it with a certain number of settlers.
American Settlement in Texas
Section 3

Opening Texas to Americans
(cont.)
• Stephen F. Austin was the most successful empresario —he founded the town
Washington-on-the-Brazos .
• Americans in Texas initially accepted
Mexican citizenship, but later saw no reason to obey a government they hardly considered their own.
American Settlement in Texas
Section 3

Opening Texas to Americans
(cont.)
• In 1830, Mexico closed its borders to further immigration by Americans, banned the import of enslaved labor, and taxed goods imported from foreign countries.
Section 3

Haden Edwards led a rebellion against
Mexican authority by taking which action?
A.
Attacking a Mexican town
B.
Declaring American settlements an independent nation
A. A
C.
Refusing to follow Mexico’s three colonization laws
B. B
0% 0%
D.
Asking Stephen Austin to declare war between Mexico and the Americans
C
0% 0%
D
Section 3

Texas Goes to War
When Mexico tried to enforce its laws,
American settlers rebelled and established an independent state.
Section 3

Texas Goes to War
(cont.)
• With tensions simmering, settlers met at two conventions .
− At the first convention, settlers chose
Stephen Austin to be the convention’s president.
− The convention asked Mexico to reopen
Texas to American immigrants and to loosen taxes on imports.
History of Texas, 1819 –1836
Section 3

Texas Goes to War
(cont.)
− The second convention recommended separating Texas from Coahuila and creating a new Mexican state.
• Austin met with Mexican president Antonio
L ópez de Santa Anna and tried to persuade him to agree to several demands.
− Shortly afterward, Santa Anna declared himself dictator.
− Austin urged Texans to organize an army.
Section 3

Texas Goes to War
(cont.)
• During the early battles, the Mexican army had serious problems and was easily defeated by Texas army.
• On March 2, 1836, Texas declared its independence from Mexico.
• Sam Houston took command of the Texas rebels.
The Texas War for Independence, 1835 –1836
Section 3

Texas Goes to War
(cont.)
• Santa Anna organized a force of about 6,000 troops to put down the rebellion.
− Upon arriving, they found over 180 Texas rebels holed up in the Alamo .
− Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel
William B. Travis , the Texas rebels bought Houston’s army nearly two extra weeks to organize.
The Texas War for Independence, 1835 –1836
Section 3

Texas Goes to War
(cont.)
• Two weeks later the Mexican army overwhelmed and defeated Texan troops led by James W. Fannin at Goliad.
• After defeating the Mexicans at the Battle of
San Jacinto, Houston forced Santa Anna to order his army out of Texas and sign a treaty recognizing independence for the Republic of Texas.
The Texas War for Independence, 1835 –1836
Section 3

Texas Goes to War
(cont.)
• The Mexican Congress refused to accept the treaty but did not launch another military campaign.
• The newly independent republic elected
Sam Houston as their first president and voted in favor of annexation .
• On President Andrew Jackson’s last day of office, he signed a resolution officially recognizing Texas as an independent nation.
Section 3

Which of the following was a problem regarding the annexation of Texas?
A.
Northern members of Congress were opposed to admitting Texas as a slave state.
B.
President Jackson did not want to increase North-South tensions.
C.
President Jackson did not want to risk war with Mexico.
D.
All of the above
A. A
B. B
C. C
A
0% 0%
D. D
B
0%
C
0%
D
Section 3

Section 3-End

Big Ideas
Trade, War, and Migration War with Mexico brought new territories under the control of the United States.
Section 4-Main Idea

Content Vocabulary
• envoy
• cede
Academic Vocabulary
• resolution
• secure
Section 4-Key Terms

People and Events to Identify
• James K. Polk
• “Fifty-four Forty or Fight”
• Zachary Taylor
• John C. Frémont
• Bear Flag Republic
• Winfield Scott
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Section 4-Key Terms

Do you agree with the idea of
Manifest Destiny?
A.
Yes
B.
No
A
A. A
0%
B. B
0%
B
Section 4-Polling Question

The Lingering Question of Texas
In 1844 James K. Polk was elected president and promised to annex Texas and Oregon and to buy California from
Mexico.
Section 4

The Lingering Question of Texas
(cont.)
• The candidates for nomination in the presidential election of 1844 were Henry
Clay and James K. Polk .
− Polk promised to annex Texas and the
Oregon Territory in the Northwest.
− He also vowed to buy California from
Mexico.
− Polk won the election.
The Election of 1844
Section 4

The Lingering Question of Texas
(cont.)
• Despite British claims to the region, Polk believed that the United States should control all of Oregon below the line of 54 ° 40′ north latitude.
− Their rallying cry was “ Fifty-four Forty or
Fight .”
− Great Britain and the United States negotiated the Oregon Treaty to settle the dispute.
Section 4

The Lingering Question of Texas
(cont.)
• Even before Polk took office, outgoing president Tyler pushed an annexation resolution through Congress in February
1845, and Texas joined the union that year.
• Polk’s intentions in California added to the growing strife with Mexico.
• In November 1845, he sent John Slidell as a special envoy to Mexico City to try to purchase the territory.
Section 4

The Lingering Question of Texas
(cont.)
• Mexico’s new president, José Joaquín
Herrera, refused to meet with Slidell.
Section 4

Why did the Democratic party decide against Martin Van Buren as a candidate?
A.
He didn’t take a stance on the annexation issue.
B.
He was pro-annexation.
A. A
B. B
C.
He was anti-annexation.
0%
D.
He was antislavery.
A C B
D. D
0%
D
Section 4

The War with Mexico
Hostilities over the southwestern boundary of Texas led to war with
Mexico.
Section 4

The War with Mexico
(cont.)
• After Herrera refused to talk to Slidell, Polk ordered troops led by General Zachary
Taylor to cross the Nueces River.
• Polk waited until the Mexicans made the first move and declared that the U.S. was at war
“by the act of Mexico herself.”
The War with Mexico, 1846 –1848
Section 4

The War with Mexico
(cont.)
• Polk and his advisers developed a threepronged strategy:
− Taylor’s troops would continue to move south, crossing the Rio Grande near the
Gulf of Mexico.
− A separate force to the northwest would capture Santa Fe and then march west to take control of California with the help of the American navy.
The War with Mexico, 1846 –1848
Section 4

The War with Mexico
(cont.)
− U.S. forces would advance on Mexico City and force Mexico to surrender.
• Almost 73,000 men volunteered to fight, although they were less than ideal soldiers.
The War with Mexico, 1846 –1848
Section 4

The War with Mexico
(cont.)
• The first two parts of the strategy went smoothly.
− Even before war with Mexico was officially declared, settlers in northern California led by American General John C. Fr émont had begun an uprising.
− On June 14, 1846, they declared
California independent and renamed the region the Bear Flag Republic .
The War with Mexico, 1846 –1848
Section 4

The War with Mexico
(cont.)
− American naval forces soon arrived and took possession of California for the U.S.
• Polk placed General Winfield Scott , a member of the Whig Party, in command of the campaign to take Mexico City.
• After vicious and bloody battles, Americans captured the capital.
The War with Mexico, 1846 –1848
Section 4

The War with Mexico
(cont.)
• On February 2, 1848, Mexican leaders signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo .
• In the agreement, Mexico ceded more than
500,000 square miles of territory and accepted the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas.
• The United States now stretched from ocean to ocean.
The War with Mexico, 1846 –1848
Section 4

Which question would soon lead the
U.S. into a bloody civil war?
A.
Who should be president?
B.
Should the Whig Party exist?
C.
Should slavery exist?
D.
Who owns Alaska?
A
0%
A. A
B. B
C B
D. D
0%
D
Section 4

Section 4-End

Causes of Western Expansion
• The idea of Manifest Destiny influences many political leaders who believe the nation is destined to expand across the continent.
• The Preemption Act of 1830 gives settlers the right to claim land.
• New technology, including plows and reapers, enables settlers to farm the Midwest.
• Lush soil and moderate climate lures settlers to Oregon Territory and northern California.
VS 1

Causes of Western Expansion
• Christian beliefs lead missionaries to head west to try to convert Native
Americans.
• Trailblazers map paths across the plains and mountains, making it easier for settlers to head west safely in long wagon trains.
• Treaty of Fort Laramie limits attacks by Native
Americans on settlers and wagon trains heading west.
• Religious persecution leads Mormons to migrate west to Utah, where they can practice their religion freely.
VS 2

Causes of Western Expansion
• Mission system had already brought
Spanish to the Southwest in the 1600s and 1700s.
• Hispanics move to California to establish large ranches.
• Mexico lures settlers to Texas with the National
Colonization Act, giving large tracts of cheap land to empresarios and granting settlers exemption from taxes for 10 years.
VS 3

Effects of Western Expansion
• Texas becomes American in culture, and Texans grow frustrated with Mexican laws, specifically the tariffs on trade with the United States, the ban on slavery, and the requirement that settlers become Catholic.
• Led by Stephen Austin and Sam Houston, Texans rebel against Mexico, declare independence, and defeat the
Mexican forces led by Santa Anna.
• Americans in Texas and Oregon want to join the United States.
VS 4

Effects of Western Expansion
• The debate over Texas triggers a sectional crisis—
Northerners believe the South wants Texas in order to expand slavery.
• James K. Polk campaigns, promising to get both Texas and Oregon, and wins the presidency.
• Britain and the United States agree to divide the
Oregon territory.
• Congress approves the annexation of Texas.
VS 5

Effects of Western Expansion
• After fighting begins between American and Mexican forces on the Texas border, the United States declares war and invades Mexico.
• In the peace treaty, Mexico cedes much of its northern territory to the United States, including California and the American Southwest.
VS 6

VS-End

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3a

Figure 3b

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

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someone who settles on public land under government regulation with the hopes of acquiring the title to the land
Vocab1

someone who travels overland to the
West
Vocab2

a statement of assurance
Vocab3

to bring over from one belief, view, or party to another
Vocab4

to transfer the use, possession, or control of something from church to civil authority
Vocab5

a person of mixed blood or ancestry
Vocab6

men who herded cattle on haciendas
Vocab7

of or relating to citizens
Vocab8

in the end, finally, or eventually
Vocab9

a person who arranged for the settlement of Texas in the 1800s
Vocab10

incorporating a territory within the domain of a country
Vocab11

an assembly of persons met for a common purpose
Vocab12

to strengthen by additional assistance, material, or support
Vocab13

a person delegated to represent one country to another
Vocab14

to give up by treaty
Vocab15

a formal expression of opinion, will, or intent voted by an official body or assembly
Vocab16

free from risk of loss
Vocab17

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