All organisms are made up of Organic Molecules
We all share a
common
organic
biochemistry!
Organic Chemistry is the chemistry of Carbon!
Organic Chemistry
Chemistry
vs.
Inorganic
C, H, O, N, P, S
All Elements
Large # of Atoms
Small # of Atoms
Associated with Life
Associated with Nonlivin
NaCl
Introduction to Organic Molecules
“Biochemistry”
• All organic molecules contain the element CARBON
• All organic molecules can only be made by living things,
hence term “BIO” (= living) chemistry.
• Most Organic molecules are called the “macronutrients”
because they are needed in large quantities by the body.
• The main organic molecules include carbohydrates, lipids
and proteins.
• Vitamins are also organic molecules but they are needed in
small quantities, hence the term “micronutrient.”
Organic Molecules Are Held Together by COVALENT
BONDS
- “Co” means share and “valent” refers to valence or “outer”
electrons. Therefore, valence electrons are shared.
- Opposite of ionic bonds: in ionic bonds, electrons are
transferred from one atom to another to form charged ions.
- Carbon has four outer or valence electrons:
This is Carbon’s Lewis
Dot Diagram.
A Dot diagram only
shows the valence
electrons…These
electrons form
Covalent bonds with
other atoms.
Covalent Bonds form when BOTH atoms need to
gain electrons to become stable:
-Hydrogen needs to gain 1 more electron to complete its shell (2)
-Carbon needs to gain four more electrons to complete its shell (8)
-Since both want to gain, they will share electrons to become stable:
http://ithacasciencezone.com/chemzone/lessons/03bonding/mleebonding/covalent_bonds.htm
Covalent bond animation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
How many valence electrons in a hydrogen atom? _________________
Hydrogen needs ______ more electron (s) to become stable.
Carbon has ______ valence electrons.
Carbon atoms require ______ more electrons to become stable.
The lines in the molecule to the right of the diagram above represent ________ bonds.
Each line in the molecule to the right represent ______ electrons (how many)?
Carbon can form many bonds!
Can store/release lots of energy
Carbon can build large molecules
The compound methane contains one carbon
bonded to four hydrogen's.
CH4
C2H6
The compound ethane contains two carbon
atoms and four hydrogen atoms.
Molecules contain 2 or more atoms bonded
together!!!
Most organic molecules are Macromolecules (Really
Big!)
Macromolecules are formed
by……
Polymerization
Monomers
Polymers
-Process called Dehydration Synthesis
-Many bonds formed by removing water
-Energy Stored
http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htm
http://www.uwsp.edu/chemistry/tzamis/condensationpolymer.html
Animations of Deyhdration Synthesis
Polymers
Monomers
Process called Hydrolysis
Bonds broken by adding water
Energy is released!
http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html
http://nutrition.jbpub.com/resources/animations.cfm?id=7&debug=0
Animations on hydrolysis!!!
Examples of Organic Compounds
Glucose
Lipid
Vitamin C
protein