Early American History/ U.S. History
Study Guide
Name: ____________________
Date: _____________BLK_____
Key Term/ Concept Essential Guiding Question?
1. Three G’s
2. Columbian Exchange
3. European Colonization
4. 13 English Colonies
5. Society in the Colonies
6. Religion in the Colonies
7. Colonial Economies
8. Colonial Governments
What were the “three G’s” that motivated explorers to come to the New World?
A: Motivation that led explorers to the New World
How did the Columbian exchange impact Europeans, Africans, and Native
Americans? Who benefitted most?
A: An international exchange that most benefitted Europeans
The first European nations to explore the new world were?
A: Spain and Portugal
What were the three regions/ groups of English colonies?
A: New England, Middle, Southern
Compare women’s roles/ treatment in the 13 colonies to their treatment/ roles in European societies.
A: They enjoyed more freedom and expanded roles than women in Europe, but were still denied many of the rights and respect given to men
Name the predominant religious faiths in the three colonial regions. What impact did the Great Awakening of the 1700s have on the English colonists?
A:Protestant, Catholic, and Puritan
A: Colonists were encouraged to be more independent and responsible for their personal beliefs
How was the economy of the Southern Colonies different from those of the New
England and the Middle Colonies?
A:They produced tobacco and rice, had plantations and slaves
Why were the Mayflower Compact and Virginia’s House of Burgesses important in terms of establishing the precedent of self-government within the colonies?
A: They were the first steps towards self-government in the colonies
9. Salutary Neglect
10. Natural Rights Philosophy
11. French-Indian War
Briefly explain Britain’s policy of salutary, or benign, neglect it held toward the
American colonies until the end of French-Indian War.
A: The English Crown basically permitted the colonies to govern themselves.
Name the three natural rights of men according to John Locke. What did Locke say the people had the right to do when a government became abusive?
A: Life, Liberty and Estate
A: it is the privilege of the citizens to replace any government that fails to protect
“natural rights’ and uphold the common good
What problem did the British face after the colonists helped them defeat France and their Indian allies in the French-Indian War in 1763?
A: The debt that was amassed during the war

12. Proclamation of 1763
13. “no taxation without representation”
14. Boston Massacre
15. Boston Tea Party
16. Continental Congresses
17. Big Three Revolutionary
War Battles
18. Declaration of
Independence
19. The Enlightenment and our Founding Fathers
20. Articles of Confederation
21. Basic Constitutional
Principles
22. Constitutional
Compromises
23. Bill of Rights
24. Federalists vs. Antifederalists
Why did the Proclamation of 1763 anger the American colonists?
A: that colonists could not move west of the Appalachian Mountains
Why did the Stamp Act, Sugar Act, and Townshend Acts anger the American colonists?
A:They felt it was taxation without representation
The British attempted to restore peace in the colonies by repealing most of these unpopular acts after the Boston Massacre of 1770?
A:Townshend Act
The Boston Tea Party of 1773 was in response to Great Britain’s unpopular tax on
____________.
A:Tea Act
First or Second: Which Continental Congress authorized the writing of the
Declaration of Independence and formation of the Continental Army?
A:Second Continental Congress
Name the first battle, the turning point, and last battle of the American
Revolution.
A: Lexington-Concord, Saratoga, and Yorktown
Who wrote it, what was its main purpose, and when was it adopted?
A: Thomas Jefferson; to state the reasons for the colonists to break away from
England, July 4, 1776
List three examples of principles of the Enlightenment philosophy of John Locke that are expressed within the Declaration of Independence.
A:Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of happiness
Summarize the main reason the Articles of Confederation failed as the first government of the United States.
A: It did not give the federal government enough power to effectively lead
Define the Constitutional principles of federalism and separation of powers. How are impeachment, the veto, and judicial review examples of checks and balances?
A:Federalism says that the power is shared between federal government and state governments; separation of powers help establish that one branch doesn’t become too powerful
How did the “Connecticut” or “Great Compromise” define our nation’s legislative branch of government? What was the subject of the Three-fifths Compromise?
A: It created a bicameral system of government, one house equal one by population
A: Three-fifths compromise was how the slaves were counted
What freedoms are guaranteed to American citizens by the First Amendment?
A:speech, religion, petition, assembly, press
Why did the Anti-federalists initially oppose ratification of the Constitution?
A:They felt it did not protect individual rights and wanted the bill of rights added
25. Alien and Sedition Acts
26. Northwest Ordinance
Which Federalist U.S. president was damaged politically by unconstitutional Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798?
A: John Adams
How did the British continue to cause problems for the U.S. in the Northwest
Territory after the Revolutionary War ended?
A: by providing weapons to the Native Americans

27. Louisiana Purchase
28. War of 1812
29. Growth of U.S.
Nationalism
30. Monroe Doctrine
31. Indian Removal/ Trail of
Tears
32. XYZ Affair
33. First Industrial Revolution
34. Sectionalism
35. Plantation System
36.“Old” Immigration and
Impact
37. Henry Clay’s American
System
38. Jacksonian Democracy
39. Manifest Destiny
40. Mexican-American War
41. Antebellum Social Reform
Movements
Which president authorized the Louisiana Purchase? Who did we buy it from?
How did the purchase impact the size of the U.S.?
A: Thomas Jefferson, from the French, and it doubled the size of the U.S.
Jefferson’s failed Embargo Act of 1807 failed to end the British policy of impressment, which led to the War of 1812 under Madison. Define impressment.
A: Impressment is when the British forced American sailors to work on their ships
After the War of 1812, the U.S. experienced increased nationalism. List two additional effects of the War of 1812 on the U.S.
A: Finally defined their independence from Britain, would see Andrew Jackson become a national hero
The goal of the Monroe Doctrine was to prevent European nations from?
A:Establishing colonies in the Americas
In 1838, under orders from President Jackson, nearly ¼ of this southeastern tribe perished on the Trail of Tears? What was their final destination?
A:Cherokee Indians, Oklahoma
As a result of the XYZ affair, the U.S. nearly went to war with this nation 1n 1798?
A: France
Industrialization is process of manufacturing goods once made by hand with?
A:Machines
The North or the South: By 1850, which section of the U.S. had a larger population, more industry, and a better transportation system?
A:The North
How did Eli Whitney’s cotton gin impact the demand for slavery in the South?
A: It actually increased the demand for slaves
During the first Industrial Revolution, most European immigrants who came to the U.S. emigrated from the countries of ___________ and ___________ .
A: Ireland and Germany
The political party formed by Henry Clay and Daniel Webster that supported the
2nd Bank of the U.S., a protective tariff, new roads, and internal improvements?
A: The Whig Party
From which group of Americans did Andrew Jackson gain most of his political support?
A: The common man
What territories did the U.S. acquire from Mexico and Great Britain during the
1840s that extended U.S. territory all the way to the Pacific Ocean?
A: Texas, the American Southwest, and the American Northwest
The annexation of this territory by the U.S. in 1846 started the Mexican-American
War?
A: Texas
Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Lucretia Mott all fought for women’s suffrage o the right to ___________.
A: vote
42. Sectional Compromises The Missouri Compromise and Compromise of 1850 dealt with the question of the expansion of ______________ into the western territories.
A: slavery

43. Abolitionist Movement
44. Underground Railroad
45. Kansas-Nebraska Act
46. Dred Scott Decision
47. John Brown and Harper’s
Ferry
48. Election of 1860 and
Abraham Lincoln
49. Secession
50. Confederate States of
America
51. Northern vs. Southern
Advantages
52. Northern War Strategy
53. Big Three Civil War
Battles
54. Emancipation
Proclamation
55. Sherman’s March to the
Sea/ Total Warfare
56. Presidential
Reconstruction
57. Radical (Congressional)
Reconstruction
58. Civil War and
Reconstruction Amendments
What was the aim of abolitionists such as William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick
Douglas, and Harriet Beecher Stowe?
A: To end slavery
Known as the “Moses” of her people, this ex-slave was the most famous conductor on the Underground Railroad?
A: Harriet Tubman
This 1854 act caused the violence known as “Bleeding Kansas” because it reopened territory to slavery that had been closed by the __________ of 1820.
A:Missouri Compromise
The Supreme Court’s ruling in this case was that slaves were the _________ of their owners and could not sue in court because they were not U.S. __________.
A:property; citizens
What was the goal of John Brown’s attack on Harper’s Ferry in 1859? How did
Southerners react to his failed raid?
A:To take the weapons and give them to the slaves to start a revolution. The southerners were alarmed by his actions
What was the stance of President Lincoln and the new Republican Party on slavery that caused the South to fear his election in 1860?
A:That he did not want slavery to expand
_______________ was the first of _____ total states to secede from the Union in
1860 and was where the first shots were fired at Fort Sumter in 1861.
A:South Carolina, 11
The Confederacy or the Union: Which side won the American Civil War?
A:The Union
Which side had the advantage of a larger population, more industry, and a strong navy? __________ Which side had a “cause” and better leadership? _________
A:The North; The South
Named for a large snake, this was the Union’s strategy of blockading the South and dividing and conquering the Confederacy?
A: The Anaconda Plan
These two Union victories in July 1863 marked the turning point of the Civil War.
One was in Pennsylvania and the other on the Mississippi River. Name them?
A:Gettysburg and Vicksburg
How did Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation change the North’s goals and strategy for the Civil War?
A:The goal became ending slavery and keeping the nation together
How did the controversial March to the Sea and strategy of total warfare impact the Presidential Election of 1864?
A:It showed the North that victory was insight
What were the goals of Presidents Lincoln and Johnson regarding the
Reconstruction of the South?
A:To bring the nation back together
Why were the Radical Republicans in Congress opposed to Lincoln’s and
Johnson’s plans?
A:They wanted to punish the south
One positive effect of Reconstruction was the passage of the 13 th , 14 th , and 15 th
Amendments to the Constitution. What did each Amendment do?
A:13 th , ended slavery: 14 th , citizenship/equal protection: 15 th , the right to vote

59. Social and Economic
Challenges of Reconstruction
60. Voting and Legal
Challenges of Reconstruction
61. Compromise of 1877
The Radical Republicans’ Reconstruction Act of 1867 divided the defeated South into _____ military districts, each under the command of Union _____________.
A: Five, Generals
Which Constitutional Amendment gave African Americans the right to vote?
What terrorist group formed in the South that worked to deny this right?
A:15 th
A:Ku Klux Klan
In return for political acceptance in the South, President Hayes ended
Reconstruction by?
A:Removing troops from the South
62. Transcontinental Railroad
63. Farmers, Ranchers, and
Miners of the west
The first transcontinental railroad greatly improved transportation in the U.S. in
1869 by connecting the?
A: The east and west together
The __________ Act of 1862 awarded 160 acres of land to citizens who would move west to farm. In terms of difficulty, describe the lives of these western farmers? Why did cowboys, ranchers, and miners go west?
A:Homestead
A: life was difficult and lonely
A: To make money
64. Native American Policies and Conflicts
By 1890, virtually all Native Americans in the U.S. were living on poor tracts of western land called?
A:Reservations
65. New technology of the
Industrial Age
Bell’s telephone, Edison’s light bulb, and Westinghouse’s transformer all required
____________ power to operate. electrical
66. Social Darwinism
67. Robber Barons or
Captains of Industry
The theory of Social Darwinism states that economic success and prosperity are centered on competition and only the ____________ businesses survive.
A:strong
People who praised successful business leaders for their contributions called
68. Corporations,
Monopolies, and Trusts them ____________, while those who criticized them called them ____________.
A:Captains of Industries
A:Robber Barons
When a corporation gains complete control of an industry, product, or service it is said to have formed a ______________.
69. Sweatshops and Working
Conditions
70. Rise of Labor Unions
71. Great Strikes of the
Industrial Age
72. Gilded Age
A:Monopoly
Briefly describe working conditions in factories, mills, and sweatshops during the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries?
A:Unhealthy and dangerous
During the industrial era, labor unions formed to help workers gain?
A:Better wages and safer working conditions
As a result of several violent labor strikes during the late 19 th century, how did the U.S. government and American public come to view labor unions?
A:They viewed them promoting violence and anarchy
The American author who wrote Tom Sawyer and the Adventures of Huckleberry
Finn coined the term Gilded Age to describe late 19 th century America?
A: Mark Twain

73. Conspicuous
Consumerism
74. “New” Immigration and
Nativism
75. Political Machines
76. Plessy vs. Ferguson and
Jim Crow
77. Populist Movement
78. Imperialism
79. Yellow Journalism
80. Spanish-American War
(Causes and Effects)
81. Open Door Policy
82. Big Stick Policy
83. Panama Canal
84. Roosevelt Corollary
85. Dollar Diplomacy vs.
Moral Diplomacy
To meet the needs of the new American consumer during the late 19 th century, entrepreneurs began build ___________ stores and offer __________ catalogs.
A:department; mail order
Briefly describe the views of a nativist toward the increased immigration to
America in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries.
A: Immigration is bad for America, they take jobs away from others
In spite of their corruption, why did many immigrants support political machines?
A:They provided them jobs
In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled that the segregation of races was legal as long as “____________ but ____________” facilities were provided.
A:separate but equal
What group of Americans did the Populist Movement work to help during the late 1800s?
A: Farmers and workers
Nations who practiced imperialism were looking to gain?
A: power, wealth, and prestige
How did American journalists use yellow journalism to help cause the Spanish-
American war in 1898?
A: They would print sensational news stories that would lie about what was really going on or exaggerate
What new territories did the United States keep after the Spanish-American War of 1898?
A: the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico
The purpose of the Open Door Policy was to convince European nations to allow the U.S. to trade with this large, populous Asian nation?
A: China
According to President Theodore Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Policy, what was the role of the U.S. military with regard to setting foreign policy?
A:It had to be strong and be able to demonstrate might of the U.S. to keep us safe
When it opened in 1914, the Panama Canal connected the ____________ Ocean with the _____________ Ocean.
A:Atlantic and Pacific
How did the Roosevelt Corollary expand the original Monroe Doctrine of 1823?
A: It said that anyone who attacks a neighbor of the U.S., the U.S. will support their neighbor and help them in a war against a European nation
Briefly describe the differences between President Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy and
President Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy.
A:Taft’s goal was to give money to nations to create economic and political stability