Name: __________________
THE MUSCULAR
SYSTEM
A picture taken of skeletal muscle showing the striations or cross markings created by the overlap of the
actin and myosin proteins within the cell.
SVHS ADVANCED BIOLOGY
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
UNIT #6
FALL SEMESTER 2015
SVHS ADVANCED BIOLOGY
UNIT OUTCOMES:
UNIT #6 the MUSCULAR SYSTEM
A) Be able to describe the structural breakdown of a whole muscle (such as the triceps or biceps) from the muscle
to the cell level.
(Pages 197-202 & Figure 8.1, 8.2)
B) Be able to explain terms such as origin and insertion, terms for actions of muscles, and terms for naming
muscles.
(Pages 214-215 & Table 8.12))
C) Be able to discuss the three types of muscle tissue regarding function, characteristics, and location. Use a
diagram to demonstrate the difference in appearance of each tissue type.
(Pages 210-213)
D) Be able to describe how muscle contracts using the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.
(Pages 202-207, Fig 8.5)
E) Be able to describe what a motor unit is and what must occur in order for a muscle cell to contract.
(202-207, Fig 8.6, 8.7)
F) Be able to describe how energy is stored and used in order for muscle to contract. (Pages 207-208)
G) Be able to discuss the type of muscle contraction including the "twitch” in depth.
(Page 209-210)
H) Be able to explain what occurs when “recovery Oxygen uptake” occurs.
(Pages 208-209)
Mon 11/16
Bones Unit Test/ Presentation wrap-up
HW: Read 197-207
Wed 11/18
Discussion:
Homework:
Overview of Muscular system.
Complete D.R. #6.1 – Muscular System Overview
Thurs 11/19
Discussion:
Packet:
Homework:
Skeletal Muscle structure.
Activity A, Kinesiology Project Introduction
D.R. # 6.2 Skeletal muscle structure, Packet B
*Mon 11/23-Fri 11/27 Thanksgiving Holiday*
Mon 11/1
Discussion:
Muscle contraction: Part I
Lab Activity: Turkey wing dissection
Homework:
Packet D, D.R. # 6.3 Skeletal muscle metabolism
Wed 12/2
Discussion:
Muscle contraction part II
Lab Activity: Observe muscle tissue types: Activity C
Biology to color worksheet: muscle names
Homework: Study for quiz:
muscle names
Thurs 12/3
Discussion: Control of muscle tension
Quiz:
Muscle names
Packet:
’ E’ Structure of a sarcomere, ‘F’ lever systems
Homework:
D.R. # 6.4 Energy for contraction and control of muscle tension
Mon 12/7
Lecture: Twitch, ATP
Lab Activity: Oxygen debt lab
Homework: Begin lab write-up: Intro, materials, procedure. Research project
prepare for Unit Test Wed 12/9
Wed 12/9
Unit # 6: Muscular System Test
Lab packet due
Homework: Oxygen debt lab
Thurs 12/10
Oxygen debt lab write-up due
Kinesiology Project work day
Mon 12/14
Kinesiology Project work day/ early presentations
Wed 12/16-Fri 12/18 Finals
Sign up for presentation times during your final exam period time slot.
Alternate time: Wed-Thurs from 1-2:30 pm
Fri 12/18
1:00 pm Last time to present Projects!
Activity “A”
General Information About the Muscular System
List the three types of muscle found in the human body. Describe where they can be found and if they are
voluntary or involuntary.
Muscle Type
Voluntary or Involuntary
Where Found
List the four basic functions of the muscular system as a whole. Write the function, give an explanation, and give
an example.
Muscular System
Function
Explanation of Function
Example of Function
List and explain the characteristics of muscle tissue.
Characteristics of Muscle Tissue
Explanation of characteristic
Activity “B”:
Striated Muscle Macro-Structure.
Identify each of the structures being pointed to by the arrows. Write the name of the structure in the space
provided. Describe or give the function for each of the structures. Use Figure 8-1 page 199.
Name:
Name:
Function:
Function:
Name:
Epimysium
Function:
Name:
Name:
Function:
Function:
Name:
Function:
Name:
Function:
Activity “F”: Lever Systems of the Skeletal - Muscular System
Below are diagrams of the three types of lever systems that occur in the human skeletal system. Identify each as
either a 1st class, 2nd class, or 3rd class lever. Next describe where the force (muscle contraction) is applied,
where the fulcrum is located, and where the load is lifted.
Lever Type
Fulcrum
Position
Force
Position
Load
Position
Force or
Distance
Multiplier
Label each of the diagrams below as either class 1, 2, or 3 lever. Label the force, fulcrum, and load on each
diagram. Explain why it is either a force or distance multiplier or why it can be both.
Activity “G”:
Terminology Regarding Muscle Action.
Muscles names usually include a term that describes the type of movement that it creates. Fill in the definition
for each of the terms listed below. Then give an example of a muscle that creates that type of movement and
name the bones that it moves. Table 8.2 on page 217 will help you with this information.
Term
Flexor
Extensor
Abductor
Adductor
Levator
Depressor
Supinator
Pronator
Sphincter
Tensor
Rotator
Definition
Example of muscle and bone that is
moved
Activity “D”
Muscle Fiber (Cell) Structure
Identify the structures being pointed to by the arrows. Write the name in the space
provided. Describe the function of each of the structures during muscle contraction. Use
Figure 8.2 on page 201.
Name:
Name:
Function:
Function:
Name:
Name:
Function:
Function:
Name:
Function:
Name:
Name:
Function:
Function:
Activity “E"
Structure of a Sarcomere
Label the various zones, bands, and lines on the diagram of the sliding filament model. Below the diagram explain
how this model functions. Label each picture "contracted" or "relaxed". Use Figure 8.5 on page 204.
What bands change in size when muscle contracts?
Activity “C” Observation of Muscle Tissue
Using the prepared slides observe the three types of muscle tissue. Diagram the tissue as you see it through
the microscope.
Enlarge your diagrams to show the details of each muscle type. Label structures that you
observe. Describe the characteristics of each muscle type. Use pages 211-214 and Figure 8.11 and Table 8.1
Smooth Muscle:
Smooth Muscle 400X
(as seen in the wall of a
large blood vessel)
Smooth Muscle 400X
(As seen in the wall
of the uterus)
Characteristics of smooth muscle:
Structure of Smooth Muscle:
Contrast single unit smooth muscle vs. multiunit smooth muscle:
Sketch of smooth muscle cells. Note
the central placement of nuclei in
the spindle-shaped smooth muscle
cells.
Cardiac Muscle:
Cardiac Muscle 400X
Cardiac Muscle 400X
(As a long section appears)
(As a cross section appears)
Characteristics of cardiac muscle:
Structure of cardiac muscle:
Describe autorhythmicity:
Sketch of cardiac muscle. Note the
very fine striations and the
intercalated discs which are
characteristic of only cardiac tissue.
Use page 214.
Striated Muscle:
Tendon 400X
Striated Muscle 400X
(As a long section appears)
(As a cross section appears)
Characteristics of striated muscle:
Describe the sources of energy for muscle contraction:
Sketch of cardiac muscle. Note the
striations and the many nuclei in
each of the muscle fibers or cells.
The nuclei are located along the
border of the cells. Use pages 210212,
Activity “H”
Types of Muscle Contraction.
Below is a representation of a muscle twitch. Label myogram with the four periods (one of which overlaps others).
Below explain what occurs during each of the stages. Explain what occurs within the muscle cell during each period
in regards to its physiology. Use pages 209-210, Fig. 8.9
Latent Period:
Contraction Period:
Relaxation Period:
Type of Muscle Contraction
Twitch
Tetanus
Isotonic
Isometric
Description
SVHS ADV. BIOLOGY
SELF STUDY GUIDE - MUSCULAR SYSTEM
1) Describe the four characteristics of muscle tissue.
2) Describe the 6 basic functions of muscles in the human body.
3) Name the 3 muscle types and describe the characteristics associated with each type.
4) Describe and give a function and location for the following tissues; fascia, tendons, tendon sheath.
5) Describe the breakdown of a whole muscle such as the biceps to the myofibril structure. Indicate which
structure is actually one muscle cell.
6) Know the following terms; sarcolemma, sarcomere, sarcoplasm, myosin, actin, myosin cross bridges,
transverse tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, Z-line, A bond, I band, h zone, ATP, ADP, phosphocreatin,
glycogen, Ca.
7) Be able to describe what a single motor unit is and what the all or none principle means.
8) Describe the sequence of events that starts with an impulse reaching the motor end plate and ends with the
sarcomere contracting.
9) Be able to summarize the four sources of energy to muscles. Know which is used first, second, etc.
10) Be able to diagram and describe the sliding filament model of muscle contraction. Label all of the areas
and structures, and contrast differences between contracted and relaxed states.
11) Be able to diagram and explain the components of a muscle twitch.
12) Be able to contrast the following: Tone - being flaccid.
Isotonic - isometric.
Origin - insertion.
Atrophy – Hypertrophy
Abductor – adductor
Levator – depressor
Supinator - pronator
Threshold stimulus - sub threshold.
Prime mover - antagonist
13) Be able to explain "aerobic versus anaerobic", "maximal Oxygen uptake", and what occurs during an
Oxygen debt.
14) Be able to explain how fast twitch and slow twitch muscle fibers contract differently, where each type can
be found, and the differences in there anatomy.
15) Be able to explain the difference in hypertrophy and atrophy, strength and endurance training.
16) Be able to explain what occurs during muscle fatigue.
17) Be able to explain what occurs during fibrillation and cramps.
18) Be able to describe the effects of stretching prior to exercise. Explain proper stretching techniques.