European Exploration
September 22-30, 2015
Warm Up: (B-day- Unit 2 Vocabulary out to be checked)
1. Why did European leaders want to explore and
conquer?
2. What was the impact of these encounters on other
regions?
Objective: Students will examine primary source
documents to identify key reasons for European
exploration and the impacts of that exploration.
R*A*C*E
“Does Joe like winter?”
⦿R Rephrase the question to begin your …
⦿A ….answer.
⦿C Cite evidence to show how you arrived at
the answer: …...according to …
⦿E Explain evidence with 1 - 2 examples:
Examples
⦿According to the text…..
⦿The picture shows…..
⦿The document states…..
⦿The author says….
⦿The story tells us…..
What other examples do you have?
Why was the navigation school such
an advantage for Portugal in early
exploration?
How does this clip also represent
European Exploration?
Discuss with your table buddies.
Earlier Explorations
1. Islam & the Spice Trade → Strait of
Malacca (Portuguese dominated the Indian Ocean)
2. A New Player → Europe
• Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271 (First
documented travels to Asia- China)
•
Expansion becomes a state enterprise →
monarchs had the authority & the resources.
•
Better seaworthy ships.
3. Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming
“Treasure Fleet”
Quick Review
1. Why did Prince Henry set up a navigation school?
2. What explorer reached the tip of southern Africa? What did
he call that part of the ocean?
3. What explorer reached Asia and traded with the Indians?
4.What country dominated the waterways to Indian at the
beginning of global trade? Do you think this will last?
5. What year did Columbus sail for India? What country did he
sail for (who hired him)?
6. What did Ferdinand Magellan’s crew accomplish? What
happened to Magellan in the Philippines?
Read pages. 101-3. Write all questions and
answers. Use complete sentences.
1. Why were spices important to Europeans?
2. What continent was most explored by the
Portuguese?
3. Why did Prince Henry send explorers down the
coast of Africa?
4. Why did Europeans want to find a new route to Asia?
5. Which explorer reached Asia?
Motives for European
Exploration
1. Crusades → by-pass intermediaries to get
to Asia for trade purposes.
2. Renaissance → curiosity about other lands
and peoples.
3. Reformation → refugees & missionaries.
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
5. Technological advances.
6. Fame and fortune.
Portugal Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dcd
O0QTmxIU
Begin at 2:04
Prince Henry, the Navigator
• School for Navigation, 1419
A Map of the Known World,
pre- 1492
New Maritime Technologies
Better Maps
[Portulan]
Ancient
astronomical
computer for
solving problems
relating to time
and the position of
the Sun and stars
in the sky
-navigational
maps based
on compass
Directions
-Considered
State secrets
In Spain and
Portugal
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Mariner’s Compass
Sextant
Used for measuring the angular distances
between objects and especially for taking
altitudes in navigation
New Weapons Technology
http://app.discoveryeducation.com/player/view/assetGuid/87887
93A-7D9E-4575-99ED-09297D736FBC
⦿Columbus had a different idea:
“Why not sail westward across
the Atlantic instead of around
the massive African continent?”
Christoforo Colombo [1451-1506]
or Christopher Columbus
As a young seaman, Christopher
Columbus wanted to find a
faster route to India. In 1492
King Ferdinand and Queen
Isabella of Spain agreed to fund
this exploration. His goal was to
reach Asia by sailing westward
over what was presumed to be
open sea.
“God, Gold, and Glory!”
⦿In addition to a faster route to Asia, Columbus
wanted fame and fortune. Ferdinand and Isabella
wanted the same along with spreading Christianity
across the globe. (Columbus was equally
enthusiastic about this.)
⦿So… he signed a contract that he could keep 10%
of whatever riches he found AND receive a noble
title (Admirable of the High Seas) AND become
governor of any lands he encountered.
In 1492, Columbus set sail. His goal was
to reach Asia by sailing westward over
what was presumed to be open sea.
European Exploration Continued…
Warm Up: Do you think we
should still celebrate
Columbus Day in the United
States? Explain your answer! Be
specific!
*** DO NOT start your answer with
“Yes/No, because…” COMPLETE SENTENCES!
Objective: Students will examine primary source documents to
identify key reasons for European exploration and the impacts of
that exploration.
Columbus’ Four Voyages
Documents
Primary source - source created by someone who actually
saw or participated in an event and recorded that event or
their reactions to it immediately after the event.
Secondary source - source created by someone either not
present when the event took place or is removed by time
from the event.
Christopher Columbus Document Based Questions (DBQ #1)
These Arawaks of the Bahama Islands were much like Indians on the mainland, who were remarkable (European
observers were to say again and again) for their hospitality, their belief in sharing. These traits did not stand out in
the Europe of the Renaissance, dominated as it was by the religion of popes, the government of kings, the frenzy
for money that marked Western civilization and its first messenger to the Americas, Christopher Columbus.
Columbus wrote:
As soon as I arrived in the Indies, on the first Island which I found, I took some of the natives by force in
order that they might learn and might give me information of whatever there is in these parts.
The information that Columbus wanted most was: Where is the gold? He had persuaded the king and queen of
Spain to finance an expedition to the lands, the wealth, he expected would be on the other side of the Atlantic-the
Indies and Asia, gold and spices. For, like other informed people of his time, he knew the world was round and he
could sail west in order to get to the Far East…
Now, from his base on Haiti, Columbus sent expedition after expedition into the interior. They found no gold fields,
but had to fill up the ships returning to Spain with some kind of dividend. In the year 1495, they went on a great
slave raid, rounded up fifteen hundred Arawak men, women, and children, put them in pens guarded by Spaniards
and dogs, then picked the five hundred best specimens to load onto ships. Of those five hundred, two hundred
died en route…
But too many of the slaves died in captivity. And so Columbus, desperate to pay back dividends to those who had
invested, had to make good his promise to fill the ships with gold. In the province of Cicao on Haiti, where he and
his men imagined huge gold fields to exist, they ordered all persons fourteen years or older to collect a certain
quantity of gold every three months. When they brought it, they were given copper tokens to hang around their
necks. Indians found without a copper token had their hands cut off and bled to death.
The Indians had been given an impossible task. The only gold around was bits of dust garnered from the streams.
So they fled, were hunted down with dogs, and were killed. –
Howard Zinn A People’s History of the United States
The date is October 13, 1492. Read the
following journal excerpt that belonged to
Christopher Columbus.
After reading the document on Columbus and the Natives,
answer the following questions in your Digital Notebook.
Document 1- Howard Zinn A People’s History of the United States
1. What was the goal of Columbus when he “discovered” the Americas
in 1492?
2. Why do you think the atrocities (crimes, misgivings) committed by
Columbus and Spanish are overlooked or not mentioned today?
3. Do you think some other country would have treated the Native
Americans better? Explain.
4. Do you think these type of crimes would happen again today in the
world? Explain.
Document 2- Diary Entry
1. Based on information from the document about the people of
San Salvador, what can historians learn regarding Columbus’
attitude toward the island inhabitants?
2. What can the reader conclude regarding Columbus’
motivation for exploring this island?
Brain Break: Choose one.
Justify your answer.
What do you think was Columbus’ primary
motivation for exploration?
⦿Faster route to India?
⦿Religion?
⦿Wealth?
⦿Nobility?
⦿Prominence?
⦿Columbus was unable to attain his goals
of nobility and great wealth. His character
and achievements have long been debated,
but scholars generally agree that he was an
intrepid and brilliant navigator.
intrepid – fearless, brave, bold, daring
Day 2 - Class Discussion
Two Worlds Collide
European Claims on the New World
Interactive Notebook:
Treaty of Tordesillas
⦿ Read the text on
the Treaty of Tordesillas and answer
the 4 questions in your digital notebook.
1.
Complete GIST (who, what, when, where, why) in
45-50 words.
2.
Why do you think Spain and Portugal needed this
treaty?
3.
Which country benefited more from the treaty?
Explain.
4.
How did Portugal use this treaty to their advantage?
Dividing the New World
⦿ Treaty
•
•
•
•
of Tordesillas (1494)
Papal decision
Create north-south line around earth
East = Portugal controls
West = Spain controls
⦿ Result:
• All of America went to Spain except
Brazil
http://app.discoveryeducation.com/player/view/assetGuid/B9E89C6B-BEF4-463E-9FA6ACD24607EDDA
Find a partner…
⦿Come up with a more descriptive
name for the Treaty of Tordesillas, one that gives
a better
understanding of what the treaty
actually did.
⦿Write this in your notebook. Be
prepared to share.
Treaty of Tordesillas
THE SPANISH EMPIRE
Spanish Colonies
THE PORTUGUESE EMPIRE
Portuguese Colonies
Treaty of
Tordesillas
Additional Slides for
Homework Notes
What is a Conquistador?
⦿ Conquistador –
a soldier or explorer from Spain
that led the conquest of the Americas.
• “God, Gold, and Glory”
⚫What does this saying mean?
Hernan Cortes
⦿ In
1519, Hernan Cortes led a Spanish exhibition into
Mexico
• 500 men, 13 horses, and a couple of small cannons
⦿ Conquered and
defeated the Aztec Empire (Leader was
Montezuma II)
⦿ How?
• Aztecs were not liked by all Natives (divide and conquer)
• Cortes was thought as a God at first
• Firepower and Horses
• Underestimated by the Aztecs
Francisco Pizarro
⦿ In 1532, Francisco Pizarro led a Spanish expedition
into Peru
• Less than 200 men
⦿ Conquered the Incan Empire and its leader Atahualpa
⦿ How?
• Atahualpa just got done fighting his brother in a civil war
• The Spanish had weapons
• Atahualpa was held for ransom and then killed
Other Famous Spanish Explorers
⦿
Juan Ponce de Leon – In 1513
explored Florida and
searched for the Fountain of
Youth
⦿
Hernando de Soto – In 1540
explored the American South
including the Mississippi
River
⦿
Vasco Nunez de Balboa – In
1513 crossed Panama and
named the Pacific Ocean
⦿
Francisco Vasquez de
Coronado – In 1540 expedition
in the US Southwest
discovered the Grand Canyon
and Colorado River. Also
searched for the Seven Cities
of Gold.
Interactive Notebook:
DBQ on Cortes
⦿ Read the DBQ with you
seat buddy and then
answer the questions on the sheet in your
notebook.
European Countries that Colonized
the New World
Spain
⦿ Began
in 1492
⦿ Area Conquered/Colonized: Most of
South America,
Central America, Mexico/Southwest US, and the
Caribbean.
⦿ Empire(s) Conquered: Aztecs
and Incas
⦿ Economy
in the New World: Gold and Silver Mining;
Plantation farming
⦿ Impact:
Language, Religion, Slavery, New forms of
Government and Society Structure, Disease
The Caribbean
⦿
⦿
Model for Latin ⦿ Colonies
American mainland
• little gold
Conquest
• encomiendas
• most Indians
killed
⚫cash crops
• disease
⚫Sugar
⚫labor
⚫Indians & later African slaves
• Some attempts to end abuse of
natives
A New Social Order
⦿ Castas
1.
(“classes”) developed in Spanish colonies
Europeans:
1.
Peninsulares = White Europeans born in Europe
2.
Creoles = White Europeans born in America
2.
Mestizos
3.
Mulattos
4.
African slaves
5.
Indians (Native Americans)
“From a Spanish man and an Amerindian woman, a Mestizo is produced.”
“From a Black man and a Spanish woman, a Mulatto is begotten.”
“From a Black man and an Amerindian woman, a Lobo is begotten.”
Portugal
⦿Began in 1500
⦿Area Conquered/Colonized: South America which
most of it was Brazil
⦿Empire(s) Conquered: None
⦿Economy in the New World: Gold and Silver Mining;
Sugar Plantation farming
⦿Impact: Portuguese Language, Religion, Slavery,
New forms of Government and Society Structure,
Disease
Brazil
⦿ 1st plantation economy (1532)
⦿ Nobles given land grants to colonize
⦿ Towns established
• Capital = Salvador
⦿ Sugar plantations
• Becomes world leader in sugar
production
⦿ Jesuits arrive
⦿ Gold replaced sugar when discovered →
caused inflation
• Rio de Janeiro = capital after gold mines
established
Gold Mining
Silver Mining
France
⦿Began in 1524
⦿Area Conquered/Colonized: Parts of Canada and present day US
(Midwest and Mississippi River area); Hispaniola later called
Saint Domingue (present day Haiti)
⦿Empire(s) Conquered: None
⦿Economy in the New World: Sugar plantations in Saint
Domingue; Fur trapping in North America
⦿Impact: Language in Canada, Religion, Disease
France in the New World
French Fur Trappers
England
⦿Began in 1607
⦿Area Conquered/Colonized: Parts of Canada and Colonial
America (13 colonies)
⦿Empire(s) Conquered: None
⦿Economy in the New World: Tobacco plantations, fur trapping,
fishing, logging, rum production
⦿Impact: Language, Religion, Slavery, Eventually Democracy,
Disease
British Colonial Tobacco Farm
Netherlands
⦿ Began in
1602
⦿ Area Conquered/Colonized: New Netherlands
(New York today), Caribbean Islands including
Aruba, and Suriname
⦿ Empire(s) Conquered: None
⦿ Economy in
the New World: Sugar plantations;
Fur trapping and shipping in North America
⦿ Impact: Religious
Freedom, Disease
New Netherlands
Crash Course History on Spanish Conquest
⦿ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6E9WU9TG
rec
Exit Ticket Questions
1. What treaty split up the New World between Spain
and Portugal?
2. What empire did Cortes conquer when he invaded
Mexico?
3. What was the economy like in New Spain?
4. Which country colonized Brazil?
5. Name 2 common themes from the impacts of
European countries on the New World.
What is a Political Cartoon?
• Definition: illustrations or comic strips
containing a political or social message that
usually relates to current events or
personalities.
OBSERVE
REFLECT
• How
to Analyze:
What do you see?
What objects are
shown? Are there
any words? What
do you see that
might be a symbol?
What is happening
in the cartoon?
What was
happening when
this was made?
What issue(s) is the
cartoon about?
What is the opinion
of the cartoonist?
QUESTION
What do you
wonder
about…Who?
What? When?
Why? Where?
How?
OBSERVE
REFLECT
QUESTION
What do you see?
What objects are
shown? Are there
any words? What
do you see that
might be a symbol?
What is happening
in the cartoon?
What was
happening when
this was made?
What issue(s) is the
cartoon about?
What is the opinion
of the cartoonist?
What do you
wonder
about…Who?
What? When?
Why? Where?
How?
OBSERVE
REFLECT
QUESTION
What do you see? What
objects are shown? Are
there any words? What do
you see that might be a
symbol?
What is happening in the
cartoon? What was
happening when this was
made? What issue(s) is the
cartoon about? What is the
opinion of the cartoonist?
What do you wonder
about…Who? What?
When? Why? Where?
How?
OBSERVE
REFLECT
QUESTION
What do you see? What
objects are shown? Are
there any words? What do
you see that might be a
symbol?
What is happening in the
cartoon? What was
happening when this was
made? What issue(s) is the
cartoon about? What is the
opinion of the cartoonist?
What do you wonder
about…Who? What?
When? Why? Where?
How?
You will create a political cartoon from the Native
American perspective about their interactions
with Columbus or any of the conquistadors or
colonizing countries mentioned in your notes.
Remember that a political cartoon uses humor to
address a serious situation.
Works Cited
•
http://www.all-art.org/Visual_History/296a.htm
•
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/c/columbus.shtml
•
www.loc.gov
•
www.politicalcartoons.com