Unit 2 – Day 7
Functional Groups
Functional Groups
• Functional groups are groups of atoms that
affect the way hydrocarbons behave.
• They replace a hydrogen on the hydrocarbon.
Methanol
Methane
Organic Families
• If hydrocarbons have the same functional
groups, they tend to behave the same way.
• For this reason, organic families of chemicals
are grouped based on functional groups.
Organic Families
Functional Group Family Name
Examples
-OH
Hydroxyl Group
Alcohols
Rubbing Alcohol
Grain Alcohol
-COOH
Carboxyl Group
Carboxyllic Acids
Vinegar
-C=O
Carbonyl Group
Ketones (mid)
Aldehydes (end)
Formaldehyde
Acetone
-NH2
Amino Group
Amines
Antihistamines,
Amino Acids
Organic Families
Functional Group Family Name
-OEther
Examples
Ethers
Diethyl ether
Esters
Flavours and
Odours
C=C
Alkenes
Ethylene
CC
Alkynes
Acetylene
Ester
Alcohols
• All alcohols have the hydroxyl group.
• This is a polar covalent bond, which allows
alcohols to be volatile liquids.
• They are all toxic and flammable.
Naming Alcohols
• We name alcohols using the same prefix and
suffix system used for hydrocarbons.
• The prefix indicates the number of carbons.
• All alcohols end in “–anol”
• We use a number to indicate which carbon
has the hydroxyl group.
Examples:
• CH3-CH2OH
• CH2OH-CH2-CH2-CH3
• Draw 2-pentanol
Carboxylic Acids
• Carboxylic acids all contain the carboxyl group.
• This group easily loses its hydrogen atom in
water, which makes these molecules acidic.
• They are corrosive like other acids, and also
volatile like organic compounds.
• One example is vinegar (acetic acid)
Naming Carboxylic Acids
• We name acids using the same system.
• The prefix indicates the number of carbons.
• The suffix for all carboxylic acids is “-anoic
acid”.
• The carboxyl group can only go on the end
carbon, so no number is required.
Examples:
• CHOOH
• CH3CH2COOH
• Draw butanoic acid