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Science 30 Unit B –
Functional Groups
Name: __________
Date: __________
Recall: organic chemicals are mostly made up
of ______________ and ____________ atoms
bonded together in straight lines...however, we
can also add other atoms to these chains or
rings to spice things up a bit. These added
atoms are called functional groups.
1. Alcohols- all alcohols contain the hydroxyl functional group, OH
Naming Alcohols: the naming is no different from alkanes, except...
Step 1: drop the e from the ane ending.
Step 2: add -ol.
ex) CH3OH - methane – _________________
ex) CH3CH2OH - ethane – _______________
Step 3: of the hydroxyl group is not on the last carbon, you need to say which carbon it comes
after.
ex) Write name of each alcohol.
a)
b)
ex) Write condensed structural formulas for each alcohol.
a) butanol
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b) hexan-2-ol
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2. Carboxylic Acids
- all carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl functional group, COOH
- this is simply a double bonded oxygen and a hydroxyl
Naming Carboxylic Acids: the naming is no different from alkanes, except...
Step 1: drop the e from the ane ending.
Step 2: add -oic acid.
Fun Fact: Some common carboxylic acids include:
- ethanoic acid (acetic acid) - vinegar
- butanoic acid - butter
- hexanoic acid - goat fat
- tetradecanoic acid - nutmeg
- octadecanoic acid - chocolate
ex) CHOOH - methane – methanoic acid (HCOOH)
ex) CH3CH2OOH - ethane - ethanoic acid
ex) Name each compound.
a)
3. Esters
- esters are formed when an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid.
Naming Esters:
Step 1: name the chain attached to the single
bonded oxygen (this came from the alcohol).
Step 2: name the chain attached to the double
bonded oxygen (this came from the carboxylic
acid).
Step 3: stick the names together and add "oate" on
the end.
ex) Name the ester.
a)
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b)
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ex) Draw a condensed structural diagram of propyl ethanoate.
Fun Fact: Esters form many of the smells of foods, such as: pineapple, pear, strawberry, apple,
pine, cinnamon, etc.
4. Halogenated Hydrocarbons
- all halogenated hydrocarbons contain at least one halogen.
Naming Halogenated Hydrocarbons: is no different from alkanes, except...
Step 1: use a prefix for the number of halogens (di, tri, tetra, etc)
Step 2: write the number the halogen is attached to.
ex) Name the halogenated hydrocarbon.
Unfun Fact: Many halogenated hydrocarbons are extremely harmful to the environment: CFC
(refrigerator coolants) deplete the ozone layer. DDT (a pesticide) biomagnifies in the food chain
and causes deaths in animals.
Practice: Functional Groups WS
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