Kyle Dempski, Kenneth Wilson, Evan Turner, Emma Fink
Mrs. Garofalo
APUSH II: Block B
1/April/2014
GROUP 4 THEMATIC REVIEW
Politics and Citizenship
-Colonial and revolutionary legacies, American political traditions, growth of democracy,
and the development of the modern state. Defining citizenship; struggles for civil rights
Pre Columbian Societies-really nothing I can see
Transatlantic Encounters and Colonial Beginnings, 1492-1690

Europe was changing, monarchs tried building nation states

Jamestown, Virginia was first colony of England, “Virginia Company”
o

Failed so it became a royal colony under direct control of King James
1624
Majority rule in Plymouth, representative gov’t in Jamestown & Massachusetts
o
Limited nature of democracy, only male property owners could vote
o
Bacons’ Rebellion was against colonial gov’t b/c gave too much economic
and political power to the few large plantation owners
Colonial North America, 1690-1754

Many trade laws, weakly enforced, enforcers were seen as corrupt by England
o
England tried to consolidate all representative assemblies into one with
Dominion of New England
o
Colonies had representative assemblies only RI and CN elected governor
o
Based on mercantilist policies, more english officials came to enforce
American Revolutionary Era 1754-1789

The Great Awakening sparked the idea of voting for rulers

2 houses, representative assembly voted on taxes
o
Upper house was appointed by king most times
o
Taxes do not include Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Tea Act, that England put on
the colonies that they were forced to abide by

Town Gov’t, North had town meeting, South had sheriffs (county not town)

John Locke abided for the belief in natural laws gov’t should protect

First Continental Congress on the idea of stopping intolerable acts/natural rights

Second Continental Congress was based on the idea of declaring independence

Loyalists vs Patriots
o
Declaration passed July 4 1776

During the war each state made a gov’t and their own state constitution w/ BoR

Articles of Confederation ratified in 1781, protected state powers, unicameral
nat’l
Early Republic 1789-1815

Connecticut Plan made 2 houses, Senate and House of Reps (w/ ⅗ compromise)

Electoral college was created in fear of mob rule

Federalists (large central gov) and Anti-Federalists (small central gov)

o
Federalist Papers helped persuasion for passing of Constitution
o
Anti-Federalists fought for Bill of Rights, Natural Laws
First Political Parties, Federalists (Pro business) & DemocraticRepublicans(farm)
o
Washington’s farewell address is against foreign affairs and political
parties

John Adams (election of 1796) made Alien and Sedition Acts, weakened DemRep by the naturalization act, and helped deportation

Federalists lost power in both branches of gov after 1800 election (TJ)
o
Jefferson created the idea of republicanism-small farmer, mothers job
o
Louisiana Purchase was debatable by constitution, Jefferson was said to
be a strict abider of constitution except for LA purchase
o
Jefferson passed the Embargo Act, didn’t allow foreign trade, pro dem-rep


Caused Federalists to gain seats in congress due to unhappiness
Madison won election of 1808 as Republican representative
o
Republicans from frontier states came into congress (Clay & Calhoun)

o
“War Hawks” who pro War of 1812 to protect American honor
Treaty of Ghent ended fighting and recognized USA

Hartford Convention was going on at the same time where the
Federalists proposed secession, Federalists then lost all credibility

Led to the Era of Good Feelings b/c there was only one political
party, from 1816-Panic of 1819
Monroe Era

Republican party changed, went to a more federalist outlook
o
Large military, pro-BUS

Missouri Compromise - prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north
of the parallel 36°30′ north except within the boundaries of the proposed state of
Missouri

Monroe Doctrine-claimed the Western Hemisphere off limits for colonization by
the Eastern Hemisphere (Europe)
o
James Polk was one of the first to use this to justify foreign policy
Antebellum Era/Market Revolution

“Manifest destiny” - many nationalistic Americans believed that God intended for
them to spread democracy and Protestantism across the entire continent

Andrew Jackson won the presidential campaign in 1828

led to a “Jacksonian” period of populist politics


o
Andrew jackson believed strongly in rule of the common man
o
white men were now strongly involved in politics
created modern democratic party (Jacksonian-Democrats)
o
small and limited federal government and strengthened power of
president (i.e. spoils system)
o
spokesman for entire population
o
individual liberty for american citizens
conflicts between states and federal rights (i.e. South Carolina Exposition and
Protest)

Whigs: party that opposed Andrew Jackson
o
supremacy of congress over the president
o
nationalists, supported internal improvements and moral reforms, and
desired gradual westward expansion in congruence with economic growth
and modernization

Liberty Party formed to support anti-slavery

supported by people who were not fond of religion, illiteracy, and poverty of the
new immigrants (they would undermine american democracy)
o

time of large irish immigration
o


felt they would follow pope in political decisions
potato famine as well as search for jobs (very low in class)
Growth of Democrats
o
“Common Man”
o
favored localism and freedom from modern institutions such as banks,
factories, and reform movements. They had a commitment to states'
rights, a limited government, and an agrarian ideal
Free-Soilers
o
opposed the expansion of slavery into the western territories, arguing that
free men on free soil comprised a morally and economically superior
system to slavery
Union Crisis (Pre-Civil War)

Southern states were dominated by “states’ righters”—those who believed that
the individual states should have the final say in matters of interpreting the
Constitution - Inspired by the old Democratic-Republicans

Westward expansion of slavery debate (critical in the Missouri crisis, the
annexation of Texas, and after the Mexican War)

Compromise of 1850
o
o
o
o
o
Texas surrendered its claim to New Mexico
California's application for admission as a free state
Wilmot Proviso issues - banned slavery in any territory to be acquired from
Mexico in the Mexican War or in the future
Fugitive Slave Act
The slave trade was banned in Washington D.C.

Kansas–Nebraska Act created the territory of Kansas, opened new lands for
settlement, and had the effect of repealing the Missouri Compromise by allowing
white male settlers in those territories to determine through popular sovereignty
whether they would allow slavery within each territory

Dred Scott decision - federal government had no power to regulate slavery in the
federal territories acquired after the creation of the United States

Lincoln elected, South secession following
Civil War

First Confiscation Act authorized the confiscation of any Confederate property,
including slaves, by Union forces

Second Confiscation Act declared that any Confederate official who did not
surrender within 60 days of the act's passage would have their slaves freed

Emancipation Proclamation

Radical Republican faction
o

Copperhead Democrats
o

wanted IMMEDIATE peace settlement
Southerners attempted to embargo cotton shipments to draw foreign support
o

Radicals strongly opposed slavery during the war and after the war
distrusted ex-Confederates, demanding harsh policies for the former
rebels, and emphasizing civil rights and voting rights for Freedmen
After big losses, foreign aid was no longer an option because Britain and
France wouldn’t recognize it as a valid territory - Trent Affair
13th Amendment
Reconstruction

Lincoln 10% plan
o
Radical Republicans rejected Lincoln's plan and instead passed the more
stringent Wade-Davis Bill, which called for 50% of the state to take the
loyalty oath

Political part of the victory for the union was almost completely aimed at the
abolition of slavery and having the confederacy pay back debt from war

Andrew Johnson was president from 1865-1869

The Fourteenth Amendment, adopted on July 9, 1868, was the second of three
Reconstruction Amendments. The three main clauses of amendment are the
citizenship clause, the due process clause, and the equal protection clause

Civil Rights of 1866 - protect African Americans

Black Codes were laws with the effect of limiting the civil rights and civil liberties
of black people

First Reconstruction Act invalidated the state governments established under
Johnson's policies and divided the former Confederacy into five military districts

Fifteenth Amendment, which prohibited the states from denying a citizen the right
to vote because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

Johnson impeached

Carpetbaggers and the Scalawags

Radical vs. Moderate Reconstruction

In election of 1872 Republicans split into Liberal Republicans
o
Due to scandals of Grant administration
Western Expansion

Dawes Severalty Act 1887- abandoned idea of treating Native tribes as separate
nations and instead as individuals with a chance to become citizens
o
Divided the land among Natives but sold the best land to the whites
o
Later went back to old with FDR’s Indian Reorganization Act 1934
Industrial Revolution/Urbanization

Gov’t gave 170 million of acres of land to 80 railroad companies

Tried to stop trusts with Sherman Antitrust Act but was weakly enforced
o
only worked on commerce said the Supreme Court

Gov’t was hands off with the economy, Laissez-Faire/Social Darwinism

1882 passed Chinese Exclusion Act and began to restrict more immigration
except for the Nordic/Anglo-Saxon race

Machine Politics arose in Urban Areas (Tammany Hall)
o
Business provided services to men in need and asked for votes in return
o
Would find jobs and housing for poor to get votes
Gilded Age (1872-1892)

Laws that congress passes were stalemated b/c belief in limited government

Campaigns became more materialistic, wasn’t much to disagree about

Reform minded Mugwumps switched to join democrats
Populism & Progressivism/ WW1

Progressives shared many similar views and goal as populists
o
progressives believed in things such as advances in science, technology,
and economic development

Progressivism was rooted in middle class

lowered taxes on imports with Underwood-Simmons Tariff of 1913
o
led to income tax due to loss of income b/c there were not tariffs

popular election of senators with 17th amendment

prohibited alcohol with 18th amendment

womens’ suffrage with 19th amendment

Adamson Act passed by under Wilson
o

8-hour work day for railroad workers
Isolationism vs. intervention in WWI
o
President Wilson tried to keep US out of Europe as long as possible
o
public opinion was very Anti-German
o
US ended up helping their ally Great Britain and entered the war
1920’s

Republican Warren G. Harding beat Democrat James Cox in the presidential
election of 1920 by a landslide - end of Progressives
o
Harding and Coolidge administrations differed from the Roosevelt and
Wilson administrations in its lack of activism and general aversion to
government regulation

Revenue Act of 1921, which gave wealthy Americans large tax deductions

Federal Highway Act of 1921 to expand the nation's highway system

Bureau of Veterans Affair

Ohio Gang - Teapot Dome Scandal

Underwood-Simmons Tariff, which re-imposed the federal income tax and
lowered basic tariff rates from 40% to 25%

Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928, which "renounced war as an instrument of national
policy" between the U.S., U.K., France, Germany, Italy, and Japan

19th amendment granted women the right to vote and forbade any suffrage
restrictions based on gender

Roarin’ Twenties
o
Highly republican with values of urbanization and modernization

Scopes Trial

Nativism Movements
Depression and New Deal

In 1930 Hoover asked for Congress to get involved in the economy, now moving
away from Laissez-Faire government, but feared loss of self-reliance

FDR won and Democrats took over both branches
o
Would try political solutions to solve economy (First 100 Days)
o
New Deal focused on recovery, second was on relief
o
Began Keynesian Economics to stimulate economy (deficit spending)
WW2

FDR passed Neutrality Acts to keep trade but prevent involving in war
o
Was first president to break 2 terms, spoke about 4 freedoms
Early Cold War (Truman)

Truman tried for full employment (Employment Act) and civil rights
o
Tried to follow the 4 freedoms rhetoric

Republicans took back the Eightieth Congress and rolled back New Deal laws

Truman’s Fair Deal did not pass except for the minimum wage

Was an emergence of Southern Dixiecrats (State Rights)

Makes act of Containment against Communism, Truman Doctrine

o
Agrees to help 3rd world countries economically Marshall Plan
o
Wanted to protect from Nuclear War and communism
Anti-communist acts at home
1950’s conformity

Dwight D. Eisenhower was president from 1953-1961

At this point, the Republicans had not won an election for a quarter century
o

Republican party was divided between its isolationist conservatives...
o

saw U.S. as having an essential role oversees
Eisenhower thought U.S. needed to stay engaged internationally to prevent the
Soviets and Communism to spread
o

wanted to stay out of foreign affairs
and the internationalist moderates, such as Ike himself
o

Ike finally decided to run as Republican
Ike used techniques such as television which would become common
political advertising techniques in the future
“Eisenhower Doctrine”
o
give aid to and country in Middle East threatened by Communism


Government was beginning to be controlled by the anti-communist crusade
o

McCarthyism
some believed there was communist infiltration in the Democratic party
o

helped the Republicans succeed
Civil Rights did not play an extremely important role with Eisenhower
o
did not publicly promote Brown v. Board decision
o
he did intervene when it was necessary


willing to intervene militarily if needed
Little Rock Nine
warned against Military Industrial Complex
1960’s uprisings

Kennedy used his power to try and destroy Cuban government
o
Focused on Cold War and didn’t have time to address civil rights
o
After he was killed LBJ passed the Civil Rights Act also equal for women

Government did not step into the south to stop riots until it was televised

Nixon won the election of 1968 after LBJ did not run again
o
Due to Tet Offensive and failure of Great Society rhetoric
Nixon “Silent Majority”

Nixon was Republican

represents a majority of people within a country that do not express their opinions
publicly

Nixon uses this term in a speech for “Vietnamization”
o
wanted to gradually reduce troops in Vietnam, but continue to fight

Nixon wanted more people to speak up and support him and his idea

decided to continue war
o

would not allow demonstrations and protests dictate the US policy
speaking to the individuals who did not join the “counterculture”
o
those who rejected the mainstream
Post Cold War

Cold War set standards for the Military Industrial Complex

ideology of global governance to address worldwide problems
o

war on terror soon came to be
United States was now world’s superpower
DEMOGRAPHICS
-Changes in birth, marriage, and death rates; life expectancy and family patterns;
population size and density. The economic, social, and political effects of immigration,
internal migration, and migration networks
Pre Columbian Societies

Estimates of population range from less than a million to 10 million Native
persons in the region north of Mexico

Most lived in small semi-permanent settlements usually with less than 300
people

Some tribes grew into the thousands and developed more complex societies

Mississippian culture began to decline in the 1400s for unknown reasons

Probably close to 80% of the families owned the land they lived and farmed on
Transatlantic Encounters and Colonial Beginnings, 1492-1690

Black Slave huge migration - By 1680, there were some 7,000 African slaves in
the American colonies, a number that ballooned to 700,000 by 1790, according
to some estimates

By some estimates, 20,000 Puritans migrated to the region between 1630 and
1640

The total population of the colonies by 1680 is estimated to be at 151,500
people.
Colonial North America, 1690-1754

Triangular trade was occurring and therefore many slaves were enter the north
American colonies

Emigration to the New England colonies after 1640 and the start of the English Civil
War decreased to less than 1% (about equal to the death rate) in nearly all years
prior to 1845. The rapid growth of the New England colonies (total population
~700,000 by 1790) was almost entirely due to the high birth rate (>3%) and low
death rate (<1%) per year

Many more settlers arrived in the middle colonies starting in about 1680, when
Pennsylvania was founded and many Protestant sects were encouraged to settle
there for freedom of religion and good, cheap land.
o
These settlers were of about 60% British and 33% German extraction.
o
By 1780 in New York about 17% of the population were descendants of
Dutch settlers. The rest were mostly English with a wide mixture of other
Europeans and about 6% Blacks.
o
New Jersey and Delaware had a majority of British with 7-11% Germandescended colonists, about a 6% black population, and a small contingent
of Swedish descendants of New Sweden. Nearly all were at least thirdgeneration natives.

The colonial western frontier was mainly settled from about 1717 to 1775 by
mostly Presbyterian settlers from northern England border lands, Scotland, and
the northern portion of Ireland, fleeing bad times and persecution in those areas.
Most initially landed in family groups in Philadelphia or Baltimore but soon
migrated to the western frontier where land was cheaper and restrictions less
onerous
American Revolutionary Era 1754-1789

By 1790, the overall population of America was 3,929,214

During this time period, immigration was only at about 6,000 people per year on
average

Aside from areas on the east coast, the population density per a square mile for
most areas during this time period was no more than 40 people, usually much
less

Over the course of the war, 20,000 slaves are estimated to have defected to the
British.

A total of 25,000 American revolutionaries are estimated to have died during the
war, although only 8,000 of these came from combat; the rest died from disease.

The United States spent $37 million at the national level plus $114 million by the
states.

Because the colonies technically obtained their independence during this time,
the size of the country officially grew from 0 to 360,000 sq miles. This was the
size of the thirteen original colonies.
Early Republic 1789-1815

The Louisiana Purchase allowed for the growing population of yeomen farmers to
expand westward

The Trail of Tears relocation of the Native Americans to modern-day Oklahoma
caused thousands of deaths
Monroe Era

Speculators offering cheap land in the Great Lakes region and the Ohio,
Cumberland, and Mississippi River Valleys brought more European immigrants

Between 1800 and 1850, the population doubled twice because of a high birth
rate as well as an influx of immigrants from Great Britain and Germany

By the 1830s almost ⅓ of population lived west of the Alleghenies

Both new and old urban areas went through rapid growth
Antebellum Era/Market Revolution

Another major wave of immigration occurred from around 1815 to 1865
o
Approximately one-third came from Ireland, which experienced a massive
famine in the mid-19th century
o
5 million German immigrants
o
Significant number of Asian immigrants settled in the United States. Lured
by news of the California gold rush, some 25,000 Chinese had migrated
there by the early 1850s
Union Crisis (Pre-Civil War)

Short time period directly followed by The Civil War where eleven southern states
seceded from the Union

Mainly caused by fear of losing the institution of slavery, although Lincoln
promised not to take it away

There’s much controversy over whether or not these states actually ever legally
left the Union, but the process virtually cut the size and population of the country
in half
Civil War

620,000 deaths

4 million slaves freed

North:
o
22 million people
o
800,000 immigrants
o
180,000 freed African Americans
Reconstruction

Life expectancy for white males in 1870 was 44.1 years while for white females it
was 46.4 years.

Life expectancy for blacks during this time period was 33.7 years for both sexes.

Black population at the time was 4.4 million, and more than 90% of which lived in
the south

Over 80% of the population still lived in rural areas, but this number was steadily
declining

Overall population of country in 1870 was 39.8 million
Western Expansion

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which banned Chinese laborers from coming to
America

In 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, concluding the Mexican War,
extended U.S. citizenship to approximately 60,000 Mexican residents of the New
Mexico Territory and 10,000 living in California

In 1849, the California Gold Rush spurred significant immigration from Mexico,
South America, China, Australia, Europe and caused a mass migration within the
US, resulting in California gaining statehood in 1850, with a population of about
90,000
Industrial Revolution/Urbanization

Between 1880 and 1920, a time of rapid industrialization and urbanization,
America received more than 20 million immigrants
o
The majority of arrivals were from Central, Eastern and Southern Europe
o
Some 600,000 Italians migrated to America, and by 1920 more than 4
million had entered the United States
o
Jews from Eastern Europe fleeing religious persecution also arrived in
large numbers; over 2 million entered the United States between 1880 and
1920
Gilded Age (1872-1892)

Between 1880 and 1900, the urban population of the United States rose from
28% to 40% and reached 50% by 1920, in part due to 9,000,000 European
immigrants.
o
After 1890 the US rural population began to plummet, as farmers were
displaced by mechanization and forced to migrate to urban factory job
o
After World War II, the US experienced a shift away from the cities, mostly
due to the gaining popularity of the automobile and heavy government
funding of suburban housing and highway
Populism & Progressivism/ WW1

The peak year for admission of new immigrants was 1907, when approximately
1.3 million people entered the country legally

Within a decade, the outbreak of World War I caused a decline in immigration.

o
In 1917, Congress enacted legislation requiring immigrants over 16 to
pass a literacy test
o
in the early 1920s immigration quotas were established
o
The Immigration Act of 1924 created a quota system that restricted entry
to 2 percent of the total number of people of each nationality in America
The Great Migration was the movement of millions African Americans out of the
rural Southern United States from 1914 to 1960. Most moved to large industrial
cities, as well as to many smaller industrial cities. African-Americans moved as
individuals or small groups. There was no government assistance. They migrated
because of a variety of push and pull factors
1920’s

Rural flight is the departure of excess populations (usually young men and
women) from farm areas. In some cases whole families left, as in the Dust Bowl
in the 1930s. Much of rural America has seen steady population decline since
1920
Depression and New Deal

Between 1930 and 1950, America’s foreign-born population decreased from 14.2
to 10.3 million, or from 11.6 to 6.9 percent of the total population

During the 1930s, the number of marriages and the marriage rate dropped
steeply due to the Great Depression, but rebounded almost immediately after the
Depression ended.
o
Marriage rates increased and remained at high levels in the late 1930 to
the mid-1940s. The number of marriages shot up to reach over 2 million in
1946, with a marriage rate of 16.4 per 1,000 people as WWII had ended.
WW2

Baby Boom
o
In the years after WWII, the United States, as well as a number of other
industrialized countries, experienced an unexpected sudden birth rate
jump.
o
The cause of the baby boom was millions of men from the US who had to
fight in WWII which prevented women from starting families and women
also had to take the place of men in the workplace.

The millions of men coming back and couples eager to start
families led to a sharp rise in the US birth rate. Since the men who
came back got jobs in the workplace again, women became
strongly pressured to once again stay home to take care of the
house and children and let their husbands be the breadwinner of
the household.


Women felt great pressure to be married by her early 20s or else
she would be considered lonely later on in life
o
During the baby boom years, between 1946 and 1964, the birth rate
doubled for third children and tripled for fourth children
o
Cause of the Baby Boom and Baby Bust through the “relative income”
theory.

The “relative income” theory suggests that couples choose to have
children based on a couple’s ratio of potential earning power and
the desire to obtain material objects

explains the Baby Boom by suggesting that the late 1940s and
1950s brought low desires to have material objects, as a result of
the Great Depression and WWII, as well as huge job opportunities,
because of it being a post war period
The number of marriages shot up to reach over 2 million in 1946, with a marriage
rate of 16.4 per 1,000 people as WWII had ended
Early Cold War (Truman)

End of Baby Boom
o
The total fertility rate of the United States jumped from 2.49 in 1945 to
2.94 in 1946, a rise of 0.45 children therefore beginning the baby boom. I
o
t continued to rise throughout the 1940s to reach 3.10 in 1950 with a peak
of 3.77 in 1957.
o
Declining slowly thereafter to 3.65 in 1960 and finally a steep from decline
after 1964, therefore ending the baby boom.
1950’s conformity

Following the communist revolution in Cuba in 1959, hundreds of thousands of
refugees from that island nation also gained admittance to the United States

In 1955, 51.2% of women were married by their 20th birthday and 88% by their
25th birthday; 40.3% of men and 28.5% of women aged 20–24 in 1955 had
never married, down from 77.8% for men and 57.4% for women in 1940

In 1959, the United States Census Bureau estimated that 47% of all brides
marrying for their first time were teenagers aged 19 and under (counter-culture)
1960’s uprisings

In 1965, Congress passed the Immigration and Nationality Act, which did away
with quotas based on nationality and allowed Americans to sponsor relatives
from their countries of origin

The number of children under 19 rose to 69 million in 1960 from 51 million in
1950, a 35.3% increase, while the proportion of the population rose to 38.8% up
from 33.8% in 1950
Nixon “Silent Majority”

Silent majority referred to a large unspecified majority of people who did not
express their opinions publicly. Because Nixon coined this term, in can be safely
assumed that this group of people was not affiliated with those who partook in
the counter-cultural ideals against the Vietnam War.
o
Older generations who may have served in WWII
o
Blue collar
o
Conservative
o
Lived in rural areas
o
Didn’t really partake in politics
Post Cold War

Today, the majority of U.S. immigrants come from Asia and Latin America rather
than Europe

As of 2002, 4.3% of men and 18.1% of women aged 20 are married, increasing
to 37% of men and 52% of women by age 25, and then 61% of men and 76% of
women by age 30

The U.S. population in 1900 was 76 million. In 1950, it rose to 152 million; by
2000 it had reached 282 million. By 2050, it is expected to reach 420 million

The urban population density and distribution of 79% now greatly exceeds the
rural population of 21% whereas the US census shows that in 1790 the rural
population made up 94.9% of the country
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
"Way More than Your Textbook." U.S. History Open Textbook. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.
<https://www.boundless.com/u-s-history/content/>.
"U.S. Immigration Before 1965." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 20 Apr.
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<http://www.history.com/topics/u-s-immigration-before-1965>.
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