Unit 10
Surgery, Diabetes, Immunology,
Lesions, and Prefixes of Numbers and
Direction
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Type 1 Diabetes
• Individual produces very little or no
endogenous insulin to carry glucose into cells
• Results in hyperglycemia
• Must take ectogenous (exogenous) insulin
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Symptoms of Diabetes
• Classic symptoms include excessive:
– Urination
• poly/ur/ia
– Thirst
• poly/dips/ia
– Hunger
• poly/phag/ia
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Terms with lapar/o
• lapar/o = combining form for abdominal wall
• Examples:
– lapar/ectomy = excision of part of abdominal wall
– lapar/o/scopy = process of examining abdominal wall
– lapar/o/scope = instrument for examining abdominal wall
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Laparoscopic Procedures
• lapar/o/scop/ically assisted vaginal
hyster/ectomy = removal of uterus through
vagina looking through laparoscope
• lapar/o/scop/ic chole/cyst/ectomy = removal
of gallbladder with assistance of laparoscope
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Laparoscopy and Hysteroscopy
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Terms with lapar/o
• lapar/o/tomy = incision into abdominal wall
• lapar/o/rrhaghy = suturing of abdominal wall
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Terms with pry/o
• pyr/o = combining form with words to mean
heat, fever, or fire
• Examples:
– pyr/o/phobia = abnormal fear of fire
– pyr/o/maniac = one who has excessive preoccupation for
starting or seeing fires
– pyr/osis = condition of heartburn
– pry/o/toxin = poison produced by high body temperature
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Fever
• hyper/pyrexia = condition of high fever
– More than 102° Fahrenheit
• pyr/o/lysis = destruction by fever
• pry/o/meter = instrument for measuring heat
– Thermometer
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Sweat
• hidr/o = combining form for sweat
• Examples:
–
–
–
–
–
hidr/osis = condition of sweating
hyper/hidr/osis = profuse sweating
hidr/o/rrhea = flow of sweat
an/hidr/osis = absence of sweat
hidr/aden/itis = inflammation of sweat glands
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Sugar
• glyc/o and gluc/o = sugar
• Examples:
– glyc/o/genesis and gluc/o/genesis = formation of sugar
– glyc/o/protein and gluc/o/protein = substance made of
sugar and protein
– glyc/o/suria and gluc/o/suria = sugar in urine
– glyc/o/hem/o/globin = sugar and hemoglobin
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Sugar
• Examples:
– glyc/o/gen = starch formed from simple sugars and stored
as reserve fuel
– glyc/o/gen/esis = formation of glycogen from
carbohydrates
• Body converts glycogen to glucose
– Cells use to release energy
– glyc/o/lysis = breakdown to glycogen to glucose
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Sugar
• Examples:
– glyc/o/rrhea = discharge of sugar from body
– glyc/emia = sugar in blood
– hyper/glyc/emia = high level of sugar in blood
• Symptom of diabetes
– hypo/glyc/emia = low blood sugar
• Can occur if person produces too much insulin
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Sugar
• gluc/o = combining form for glucose
• Examples:
– gluc/o/gen/esis = formation of glucose from glycogen
stores
– gluc/ose = used by muscles to release energy
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Diabetes Mellitus
• Type 1
– Characteristics:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Exogenous insulin-dependent
Onset in youth
Tendency to ketoacidosis
Viral etiology
Autoimmune basis
Genetic predisposition
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Diabetes Mellitus
• Type 2
– Characteristics:
•
•
•
•
•
Noninsulin-dependent
Onset in adults over age 40
Some endogenous insulin production
Obesity or normal weight
Can be treated with diet and oral hypoglycemic agents
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Diabetes Mellitus
• Gestational
– Characteristics:
• Occurs in individuals not previously diabetic
• Develop hyperglycemia during pregnancy
• May progress to diabetes mellitus or return to normal glucose levels
postpartum
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Immunology
• immun/ity = one of body’s defenses against
disease
• immun/o = combining form
• Example:
– immun/o/logy = study of function of immune system
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Immunology
• Three types of immunity:
1. Natural
• Part of one’s physiology
2. Natural passive
• Passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy or to infant through
breastfeeding
3. Artificial
• Scientifically designed
– E.g., vaccinations
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Immunology
• Artificial immunity
– Passive
• immun/o/globulin injections = given to boost immune response
– Active
• Vaccines containing specific antigens stimulate lymphatic system
to produce matching antibodies
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Immunology
• immun/o/therapy
– immun/izations = injections that stimulate immune
response
• Also known as vaccin/a/tions
• 11 recommend before age 7 for general population
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Immunology
• Immune response
– Production of antibodies by lymphocytes to disable
antigens
• Antigen
– Foreign substance that invades body
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Immunology
• immun/o/deficiency = pertains to deficient
immune system that is unable to fight off
disease
– HIV causes AIDS
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Terms with aut/o
• aut/o = combining form for self
• Examples:
–
–
–
–
aut/o/nomic = self-controlling
aut/o/dia/gnos/is = diagnosing one’s own diseases
aut/o/phobia = abnormal fear of being alone
aut/o/lysis = self-destruction
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Terms with aut/o
• aut/o/immun/ity = condition when body
produces antibodies to its own tissue
– Autoimmune disorders:
• Rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus
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Terms with aut/o
• aut/o/logous and aut/o/genous = adjectives
meaning originating in itself or coming from
one’s own body
• aut/o/logous blood transfusion = transfusion
with one’s own blood drawn before having
surgery
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Terms with aut/o
• aut/o/hem/o/therapy = therapy with one’s
own blood
• aut/o/graft = skin graft using one’s own
healthy skin
• aut/o/plasty = surgery using grafts from one’s
own body
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Numeric Prefixes
Greek
Latin
Meaning
hemi-
semi-
half
mono-
uni-
one
prot-
prim-
first
di/plo-
bi-
two
tri-
tri-
three
tetra-
quadr-
four
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Numeric Prefixes
Greek
Latin
Meaning
penta-
quint-
five
hexa-
sex/ta-
six
hepta-
sept/a-
seven
octa-
oct-
eight
enne-
non/i-
nine
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Numeric Prefixes
Greek
Latin
deca- (10)
dec/i- (0.1)
Meaning
ten or tenth
hecto- (100) cent/i- (0.01)
one hundred or
one hundredth
kilo- (1,000) mill/i- (0.001)
one thousand or
one thousandth
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Prefix: mono• mono- = one or single
• Examples:
– mono/cyte = one cell
• Type of leukocyte
– mono/cyt/osis = condition of increase in monocytes
– mono/nucle/osis = viral infection that can damage liver
• Indicated by abnormally high monocyte count
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Prefix: mono• Examples:
–
–
–
–
–
–
mono/nucle/ar cell = has one nucleus
mono/graph = written study of single subject
mono/mania = preoccupation with one subject only
mono/ma = one tumor
mono/my/o/plegia = paralysis of one muscle
mono/neur/al = pertaining to one nerve
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Prefix: multi• multi- = many or more than one
• Adjectives meaning something has many:
– multi/capsular = capsules
– multi/glandular = glands
– multi/nuclear = nuclei
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Terms with para
• para = live birth
– Used in words to indicate number of times woman has
given birth
• multi/parous = adjectival form
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Terms with para
• Examples:
– multi/para = more than one child
• Multiple births
– E.g., twins
– nulli/para = no live births
– primi/para = first live birth
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Example of Multiparous Birth
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Terms with para
• para = whole word, suffix, and prefix
– To indicate number of times woman has given birth, write
para and number
• E.g., para II or para 2
• E.g., para IV or para 4
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Gravida
• Pregnant
• Origin
– Latin
– gravida = heavy or weighted down
• primi/gravida = first pregnancy
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Gravida
• Medical notations:
– E.g., four pregnancies, two live births, and two spontaneous
abortions = grav 4, ab 2, and para 2 or G4, AB2, and P2
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Prefixes: deca- and deci• deca- = used in words to mean ten
• Example:
– deca/liter = ten liters
• deci- = used in words to mean one tenth
• Example:
– deci/liter = one tenth of a liter
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Prefixes: kilo- and milli• kilo- = used in words to mean one thousand
• Examples:
– kilo/meter = one thousand meters
– kilo/gram = one thousand grams
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Prefixes: kilo- and milli• milli- = used in words to mean one thousandth
• Examples:
– milli/meter = one thousandth of a meter
– milli/gram = one thousandth of a gram
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Prefix: hecto• hecto- = used in words to mean one hundred
• Examples:
– hecto/meter = one hundred meters
– hecto/gram = one hundred grams
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Prefix: centi• centi- = used in words to mean one hundredth
• Examples:
– centi/meter = one hundredth of a meter
– centi/gram = one hundredth of a gram
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Cubic Centimeter (cc)
• Volume measurement frequently used when
giving injections
• Amount equals space occupied by one
centimeter cubed
• Medications sometimes expressed in fractions
of a cc
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Prefixes of Direction
Prefix
Meaning
Sense of Direction
ab-
from
away from
de-
from
down from or from
and resulting in less
ex-
from
out from
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Prefix: ab• ab- = away from
• Examples:
–
–
–
–
–
ab/duction = away from midline
ab/normal = away from normal
ab/errant = wandering away from normal course
ab/or/al = away from mouth
ab/irritant = something that takes away irritation
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Abduction and Adduction
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Prefix: ab• ab/lact/ation = taking baby away from
breastfeeding or cessation of milk secretion
• ab/ort/ion = termination of pregnancy
– Spontaneous abortion
• Naturally occurring termination of pregnancy
• Also known as miscarriage
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Prefix: ab• ab/rade = scrape skin away
• ab/rasion = injury involving scraping away of
skin
• Other types of wounds:
– Laceration
• Cut
– Contusion
• Bruise
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Prefix: ab• ab/lation = surgical removal of body tissue
• end/o/metr/ial ab/lation = surgical procedure
that destroys (takes away) uterine lining
• end/o/venous ab/lation = procedure that takes
away varicose veins by collapsing vessel wall
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Prefix: de• de- = down from
• Examples:
– de/cid/uous = pertains to falling off or shedding
– de/cid/uous teeth = primary teeth that fall out during
childhood
• Baby teeth
– de/scend/ing nerve tract = one that comes down from brain
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Prefix: de• Examples:
– de/hydr/ation = act of taking water from wet substance
• Body dehydration can be caused by vomiting, diarrhea, or high
fever
– de/hydr/ated = state of having less water than before
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Prefix: de• Examples:
– de/calci/fication = removal of calcium from bones
• Caused by:
– Insufficient calcium intake during pregnancy
– Inadequate vitamin D
» Controls calcium metabolism
• Can result in oste/o/por/osis in postmenopausal women
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Prefix: ex• ex- = out from
• Examples:
– ex/cise = to cut out and remove part
– ex/cis/ed = past tense
– ex/tract/ion = procedure in which something is pulled out
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Prefix: ex• Examples:
– ex/cretion = processing of expelling substance from body
• Usually refers to waste substances
– Excretion of:
• carbon dioxide = respiratory ex/cretion
• sweat = dermal ex/cretion
• menses = menstrual ex/cretion
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Prefix: ex• Examples:
– ex/tend = to straighten or lengthen
– ex/tens/ion = straightening or lengthening
• flex/ion = bending or shortening
• With muscles, relaxing results in ex/tension and contracting results
in flex/ion
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Extension and Flexion
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Prefix: iso• iso- = equal or same
• Examples:
–
–
–
–
iso/metr/ic = of equal dimensions
iso/cellular = composed of cells of same size
iso/dactyl/ism = fingers or toes of equal length
iso/therm/al = pertaining to equal temperature
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Prefix: iso• Examples:
– iso/ton/ic = having same osmotic pressure as RBCs and
will not destroy them
• E.g., normal saline, intravenous glucose
• hyper/tonic = having higher osmotic pressure than RBCs
• hypo/tonic = having lower osmotic pressure than RBCs
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Movement of Matter
• Diffusion
– Intermingling of substances by natural movement of their
particles
• Osmosis
– Movement of particles through semipermeable membrane
until levels of concentration equal
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Movement of Matter
• Filtration
– Filtering to remove solid particles
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Terms with aniso
• anis/o = combining form for unequal
• Example:
– aniso/cyt/osis = condition with cells of unequal size
• Normal RBCs are same size
• Possible cause:
– Unhealthy bone marrow
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Terms with mast/o
• mast/o = combining form for breast
• Examples:
– aniso/mast/ia = unequal size of woman’s breasts
– mast/o/carcin/oma = cancerous tumor of breast
– mast/ectomy = excision of all or part of breast
• Radical and simple
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Prefixes of Place
Prefix
dia-
Meaning
Differentiation
per-
through or
complete
through
Greek prefix used with combining
forms for medical terminology
Latin prefix used more often in
ordinary English
peri-
around
Greek prefix used with combining
forms for medical terminology
Latin prefix used more often in
ordinary English
circum- around
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Prefix: peri• peri- = around
• Examples:
–
–
–
–
peri/articular = around articulations and joints
peri/tonsill/ar = around tonsil
peri/col/ic = around colon
peri/chondr/al = around cartilage
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Prefix: peri• Examples:
– peri/odont/al = pertaining to diseases of support structures
around teeth
– peri/cardi/ectomy = excision of tissue around heart
• Pericardium
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Prefix: peri• Words meaning inflammation around:
– peri/aden/itis = gland
– peri/colp/itis = vagina
– peri/hepat/itis = liver
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Prefixes: para- and peri• para– Used more often for conditions with suffixes -ia, -osis, -itis,
and -oma
• peri– Common anatomic term prefix
– E.g., peri/cardium, peri/toneum, peri/osteum
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Prefix: circum• circum- = around
• Examples:
– circum/duct/ion = moving around in circular motion
– circum/ocul/ar = around eyes
– circum/oral = around mouth
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Prefix: circum• Examples:
– circum/cis/ion = to cut around
• Surgical removal of foreskin of penis
– circum/scrib/ed = limited in space as if line drawn around it
– circum/scrib/ed lesions = skin lesions limited in space they
cover
• E.g.,. boils, pimples, pustules
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Prefix: dia• dia- = through
• Examples:
–
–
–
–
–
dia/gnosis = knowing through
dia/thermy = heating through
dia/rrhea = flowing through
di/ur/etic = substance that causes increase in urine output
di/ur/esis = process of causing urine to flow more rapidly
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Suffix: -esis
• -esis = suffix meaning action or process
– dia/phor/esis = action of profuse sweating
– arthr/o/desis = action of immobilizing joint
– hemat/o/poi/esis = process of forming blood
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Prefix: per• per- = through
• per/for/ated = adjectival form
• Examples:
– per/for/ate = to make hole through something
– per/for/ation = puncture or hole through something
– per/for/ated ulcer = ulcer that has eaten hole through
stomach wall
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Prefix: per• Examples:
– per/cuss/ion= striking through
• Tapping on surface to determine underlying conditions
– per/fus/ion = supplying tissues with oxygen and nutrients
through blood supply or other tissue fluids
• per/fus/ate = adjectival form
• per/fuse = verb form
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Terms with necr/o
• necr/o = combining form for death
• Origin
– Greek
– necros = corpse
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Terms with necr/o
• Examples:
– necr/osis = condition when dead tissue surrounded with
healthy tissue
• Loss of blood supply
• Gangrene sets in
– Localized death of tissue
– necr/o/tic = pertaining to dead tissue
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Terms with necr/o
• Examples:
– de/bride/ment of necr/o/tic tissue = treatment for severe
burns
• de/bride/ment = removal of damaged tissue
– necr/ectomy = excision of dead tissue
– necr/o/phobia = abnormal fear of dead bodies
– necr/o/philia = abnormal or unusual attraction to dead
bodies
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Terms with necr/o
• Postmortem examination
– Examination of body after death
– Terms for this procedure:
• aut/o/psy
• necr/o/psy
• necr/o/scopy
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Suffixes: -phobia and -philia
Subject
Abnormal Fear Abnormal Attraction
dead bodies necr/o/phobia
necr/o/philia
water
hydr/o/phobia
hydr/o/philia
fire
pyr/o/phobia
pyr/o/philia
air
aer/o/phobia
aer/o/philia
self
aut/o/phobia
aut/o/philia
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