‫‪immunization‬‬
‫م‪.‬م زيد وحيد عاجل‬
Immunity:
The ability to destroy a particular antigen, it is may be inherited
(natural) or acquired (artificial).
Natural immunity:
Resistance to infection or toxicity.
Acquired immunity:
Exposure to invading agents, either from bacteria, virus, or toxin.
Active immunity:
Production of antibodies against specific antigens, either naturally
by having a disease or artificially by introducing the antigen in the
body.
Passive immunity:
Temporary immunity by transfusing (immunoglobulin or antitoxin)
artificially either from serum of human or animal, or naturally from
mother to fetus by placenta.
Antibody:
A protein found in serum formed from exposure to antigen.
Antigen:
Foreign substances (bacteria, virus, toxin, foreign protein) stimulate
antibodies formation.
Immunization:
The process of inducing active or passive immunity artificially by
administering an immunobiologic.
Immunobiologic:
Antigen substances (vaccine or toxoid) or antibodies containing
preparation (globulins or antitoxoid) from human or animal, used for
active or passive immunization.
Vaccination:
Inoculation with vaccina small pox virus to make a person immunity
to small pox.
Vaccine:
A suspension of live (attenuated) or inactivated or fraction of
microorganisms administered to induced immunity.
Attenuate:
Reduce virulence (infectiousness) organism by treating it with heat or
chemical it on certain media.
Toxoid:
Modified bacterial toxin that has been not toxic but has the ability to
stimulate antitoxin formation.
Antitoxin:
A solution of antibodies from animals` serum immunized with
antigen (passive immunity).
Immune globulin:
A solution of antibodies from humans` blood plasma (passive
immunity & immunodeficiency person).
Natural acquired
active immunity
(have a disease)
Immunity
Natural
immunity
Artificial
immunity
Natural acquired
passive immunity
(fetus to mother)
Artificial acquired
active immunity
(by immunization)
Artificial acquired
passive
immunity(synthetic
antibodies )
Immunity
Active
immunity
Passive
immunity
Artificial
immunity
Artificial
immunity
Natural
immunity
Natural
immunity
Vaccines
M.O
Routes
Dose
Side effects
(C/I)
Polio
live
attenuated
virus
Oral
2 drops
No adverse effects
Anaphylactic reaction
to neomycine,
pregnancy
BCG (Bacillus
of Calmette &
Guerin)
Live
attenuated
virus
Intra dermal
(I.D) in Lt
deltoid
0.1 ml
Papule appear for 3 w
with or without
ulceration & heal
Immuno-deficiency
person
Hepatitis B
virus (HBV)
Live
attenuated
virus
Intramuscular/IM
0.5 ml
Well tolerated
Anaphylactic reaction
to baker`s yeast
DTP
(diphtheria,
tetanus,
pertussis)
Diphtheria
and tetanus
toxoid,
pertussis
immunogen
Intramuscular/ IM
0.5 ml
Local pain, soreness,
redness, swelling in site.
Fever. Encephalopathy
(unusual crying, head
ache, seizure, loss of
muscle tone)
Encephalopathy for 7 d
of pertussis.
Neurologic diseases.
Measles
attenuated
virus
Sub-cutaneous
0.5 ml
Anorexia, malaise, rash,
fever
Immuno-deficiency
person, pregnancy
MMR (measles,
mumps,
rubella)
Live
attenuated
virus
Sub-cutaneous
/ S.C
0.5 ml
Fever,
lymphadenopathy, rash,
joint pain
Anaphylactic reaction
to neomycine,
pregnancy
Vaccines
M.O
Routes of
admission
Dose
Age
Hepatitis A virus
(HAV)
live attenuated
virus
Intra- muscular/
IM
0.5 ml
Under 2 y
Varciella
live attenuated
virus
Subcutaneous /
S.C
0.5 ml
12-18 m
Typhoid
live attenuated
virus
Intra- muscular/
IM
0.5 ml
Above 2 y
Haemophilus
influnzae b
Non toxic
proteins
Intra- muscular/
IM
0.5 ml
Under 2 y
Influnzae
Non toxic
protein
Intra- muscular/
IM
0.5 ml
Repeated yearly
Above 6 m
pneumococcal
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
Intra- muscular/
IM
0.5 ml
Under 2 y
Age
Vaccines
Routes
Dose
At birth-first week
Polio
BCG
Hepatitis B virus
Oral
Intra- dermal (I.D) in Lt
deltoid
2 drops
2 months
Polio
DTP
Hepatitis B virus
Oral
IM
0.1 ml
4 months
Polio
DTP
Oral
IM
0.5 ml
6 months
Polio
DTP
Hepatitis B virus
Oral
IM
0.5 ml
9 months
Measles
Subcutaneous / S.C
0.5 ml
15 months
MMR (measles, mumps, rubella)
Subcutaneous / S.C
18 months
First booster dose (polio &
DTP)
Orally & I.M
2 drops
0.5 ml
4-6 years
Second booster dose (polio &
DTP)
Orally & I.M
2 drops
0.5 ml
6 years
MMR
Subcutaneous / S.C
0.5 ml
What Are Some Complications of
Vaccinations?
Mild Reactions:

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Inject able vaccines can cause localized pain,
redness and swelling at the site of the injection.
Fevers usually go away in 1-2 days.
Fussiness
Tiredness
Loss of appetite
Drowsiness
Mild, temporary vomiting or diarrhea within the
first week of getting rotavirus.
Serious Complications:
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Serious allergic reactions or anaphylaxis –
extremely rare; occur within a few minutes to a
few hours after the shot.
Long-term seizures, coma, lowered
consciousness, and permanent brain damage
after DTaP– very rare
Guillain Barre Syndrome –vaccines containing the
tetanus toxoid (DTaP, Td,Tdap), mengicoccal
vaccine – paralysis – very rare
Precautions
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Severe or Moderately Severe Illness – wait until the child
is better
Pregnancy or Possibility of Pregnancy – contraindicated
live vaccines like Varivax, MMR, LAIV
Immunocompromised Persons – with AIDS, those on
prolonged steroids, those on chemotherapy, those with
cancer, those with agammaglobulinemia or other defects
of immunity – discuss with provider.
Past History of Moderate to Severe Reactions to
Vaccines or Any of Its Components
Past History of Intussusceptions - on the infant about to
get Rotavirus
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