Vertebrate Zoology

What does the typical mammal look like?
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Small
Brown
Nocturnal
~4450 species

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Characteristics
Hair
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Endothermic
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4 chambered heart
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Diaphragm (muscle to aid breathing)
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Most nourished by a placenta
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Mammary glands produce milk
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Gestation - length of time within the uterus
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Weaning - time at which young stop drinking milk

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Characteristics
Skin with sweat glands, oil glands, scent glands, & mammary glands
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3 middle ear ossicles (Bones); malleus, incus, & stapes derived from the jaw
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Mouth with diphyodont teeth (deciduous replaced with permanent)
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Lower jaw fused into one bone
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Moveable eyelids
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Fleshy pinnae
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Non-nucleated, biconcave red blood corpuscles (RBC’S)

Hair
Made of the protein keratin
Keratin also makes up:
Nails
Claws
Hooves
Horns
Antlers
Tusks
Hair Follicle
Skin Mites

How Deer Antlers Grow

Horns, Antlers, & Tusks
Horns –Found on antelope, giraffe, & rhino
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Do not branch
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Permanent structures
Antlers – Found on deer
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Branch
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Fall off
Covered in velvet which sloughs off
Tusks -Found in ungulates w/o horns

Why did the Irish Elk go extinct?

Skin with glands

Hyena scent gland

Panda scent gland

Dik Dik
Scent Gland

Llama Scent Glands

Lemur Scent Glands on Arms

Scent glands and spraying

Spraying patterns of two mice

Mammary glands
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 modified apocrine sweat glands key mammalian feature complex system of ducts surface opening:
nipple or teat

Table: Relationship between No. of teats and species-specific litter size
Group primitive opossums kangaroos
Tenrec
Mastomys (African rat) wolves (dogs) pigs many artiodactyls pangolins bats whales, horses, manatees elephants primates
No. of teats
19-25
4
10-12
12-20
4
2
4-6
10-14
2
2
2 (4)
2
No. of young per litter
12
1
12 (max. 32)
8-19
1
1
4-6
6-12
1
1
1 (4)
1

The Approximate Constituents of the Milk of Various
Mammals in ml/mg per liter
Animal
Human
Horse
Cow
Goat
Pig
Dog
Reindeer
Water Fats Proteins Sugars Ash
870
900
880
862
840
770
677
40
22
34
48
50
93
171
15
20
33
48
37
97
109
Harp Seal 437.9 428.2 119.8
Blue Whale 471.7 381.3 127.9
70
60
44
46
50
31
28
?
?
3.6
8.5
6.3
9.1
15
9.14
14.3

4 Chambered Heart
Mouse
500 beats/ min
Human
70 beats/min
Elephant
28 beats/min

Heart Rates in Various
Mammals
Species
Great Whale
Elephant
Lion
Human
Rabbit
Mouse
Shrew
Resting bpm
7
28
40
70
200
500-600
800
Active bpm
120
1320

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Diaphragm
Muscle used to change air pressure inside the body in order to move air
Less pressure = air moves in
More pressure = air moves out

3 Middle Ear Ossicles

Otic hair cells

Single fused mandible

Mandible Comparison

Beaver

Squirrel

Prairie Dog

Rabbit

Lion

Sea Lion

Wolverine

Skunk

Shrew

Smilodon

Black Bear

Killer Whale

Elephant

Rhino

Hippopotamus

White-tailed Deer

Cow

Pig

Horse

Giraffe

Gorilla

Orangutan

Ungulates – Hooved Mammals
Perissodactyla - horses, rhinos, tapirs " odd toed"
Artiodactyla - pigs, peccaries, hippos, camels, deer, antelope, cattle, sheep, goats "e ven toed"

Perissodactyla
pe·ris·so·dac·tyla (pai'ris-oh dak ti'lah): from
Greek perissos, strange, of numbers odd; daktulos, a finger or toe

Artiodactyla
ar·ti·o·dac·ty·la (är'tee-oh dak ti'la): from
Greek artios, complete, of numbers even;
daktulos, a finger or toe

3 Subclasses within the class Mammalia:
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Prototheria or Monotremes (3 species)
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Metatheria or Marsupials (275 species)
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Eutheria or placental mammals (3982 species)

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Monotremes
Most primitive mammals
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Only 3 species: duck-billed platypus and two spiny anteaters, or echidnas
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Oviparous; eggs with a leathery shell; mothers nourish their young with milk after young hatch
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Lack nipples
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Live only in Australia & New Guinea
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The name monotreme means one-holed (i.e.cloaca)

Echidna & Duck-billed Platypus

Marsupials
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Viviparous
Immature young are incubated in the pouch
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Tasmanian wolf

Flying Squirrel

Tasmanian Devil

Marsupial Mouse

Koala (Aboriginal for no drink
…They sleep for 19 hrs/day)

Wombat

Kangaroo

Wallaby

Marsupial Pouch

Opossum

The only time you see an opossum…

Mammalian Orders
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Monotremata – Echidnas & platypus
Marsupiala – Opossum, kangaroo, koala
Insectivora – Shrew, mole, hedgehog
Chiroptera - Bats
Primates – Apes, lemur, monkey, human
Rodentia – Beaver, squirrel, mice, mole, gerbil
Lagomorpha- rabbit
Carnivora - Bear, dog, cat, skunk, weasel
Pinnipedia –Seal, walrus, sea lion
Cetacea – Whale, dolphin, porpoise

Mammalian Orders
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Sirenia - Manatee
Proboscidea - Elephant
Perissodactyla – Rhino, horse
Artiodactyla – Deer, Giraffe, Hippopotamus,

Whale
Evolution

Pakicetus & Coyote Skulls

Pakicetus…The First Whale
53.5 mya

Ambulocetus

Ambulocetus

Remingtonocetus

Protocetus

Dorudon

Doruson vs Odontecetus

Dorudon

Basilosaurus

Basilosaurus

Ring-tailed Lemur (Primate)

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Primate Characteristics
General primate anatomical features
Hands: prehensile with opposable thumbs tactile pads and nails on fingers and toes adapted for precision grip facilitating feeding and locomotion in the trees mobile arms: posture frees arms and hands for grasping
Eyes: binocular vision color vision development of visual organs is achieved at the expense of olfactory organs
Face: large eyes and brain and reduced snout area
Large brains: especially in cerebral cortex

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Behavioral Characteristics
Long infant dependency periods
Reduced litter size—usually just one (allowing mobility with clinging young and more individual attention to young)
Complicated social organization
Excellent manual dexterity
Well developed sense of sight
Good hand-eye co-ordination

Figure 1: Selected amino acid positions in the Hemoglobin of some vertebrates.
NonPrimate
Human Being
Chimpanzee
Gorilla
Baboon
Lemur
Dog
Chicken
Frog
ALA
SER
GLN
ASP
SER
SER
THR ALA
THR ALA
SER THR ALA
ASN THR THR
THR
SER
THR
SER
SER
GLY
GLY
GLY
GLY
GLY
GLY
GLY
GLY
GLY
GLY
GLY
GLU
ASP
ALA
LYS
ASP
ASP
ASP
ASP
GLU
GLU
GLU
GLU
LYS
GLU
VAL
ILU
GLU ILU
HIS VAL
VAL
VAL
VAL
VAL
GLU
ASP
ALA
THR
GLU
GLU
GLU
ASP
ASP
ASP
ASN
ASN
ASP
ASP
ASP
ASP
THR PRO
THR PRO
THR PRO
SER PRO
SER PRO
THR PRO
SER PRO
SER ALA
GLY
SER
THR
HIS
GLY
GLY
GLY
GLY

RAT DISSECTION
Scientific Name: Rattus norvegicus
Common Name: Rat

Rat Dissection

External Anatomy
• Wash your rat
•Examine rat and take notice of the following: ears, whiskers, eyes, nostrils, anus, and nipples
(only female)

External Anatomy
• Wash your rat
• Examine rat and take notice of the following: ears, whiskers, eyes, nostrils, anus, and nipples (only female)

Internal Anatomy
• Make sure that the rat is pinned down down on its back before you begin cutting ‘Skin’ the rat by separating the skin and muscle layers across the midsection

Internal Anatomy
• Cut through the muscle, careful not to cut too deep, and expose the inner organs. You should be able to find the liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, cecum, spleen and pancreas

Abdominal Cavity

Abdominal Cavity

Thoracic Cavity

Thoracic Cavity

A = left ovary (embedded in fat)
B = upper oviduct (where fertilization takes place)
C = uterus (richly supplied with blood vessels)
D = vagina
E = fat (fat deposited around internal organs)
F = liver (dark red; in several lobes)
G = caecum (the first part of the large intestine;
H = colon