Population Dynamics Chapter 14: Population Ecology • Read the blurb about zebra mussels p.g. 646. • As a group (and with your teacher’s help) work through the questions below. Characteristics of Populations • Population size – Number of individuals of a species occupying a given area at a given time • Population density (D) D=N S N: Total number of individuals S: Space occupied by the population • Small organisms usually have higher population densities than larger organisms Characteristics of Populations-cont’d • Crude density – Population density measured in terms of the number of organisms of the same species within a habitat’s total area • Ecological density – Population density measured in terms of the number of organisms of the same species within the area actually used by those organisms (ex. land animals do not live in lakes) 1.) Complete worksheet on calculating population density. 2.) Worksheet #1 in population ecology packet 3.) a.) Design your own question (with diagram) for pop. Density b.) Crude and ecological densities c.) share with classmates Characteristics of Populations-cont’d • Population dispersion patterns (fig. 4, page 652) – Clumped dispersion (ex. schools of fish) – Uniform dispersion (ex. King penguins) Rarely found in nature – Random dispersion (ex. rainforest trees) • 1st half of page 2 in population ecology handout. Characteristics of Populations-cont’d • Often, impractical to count exact numbers of a population – Count a sample and then estimate total size – Sampling techniques: • Quadrat sampling • Mark-recapture method • Technological tracking devices Characteristics of Populations-cont’d • Quadrat sampling – Used for stationary or small organisms (ex. plants, insects) – A quadrat (ex. 1m2) is used and a sample of populations is counted within that area. – Population size and density can be extrapolated for the entire area based on that quadrat’s data. 1.) Worksheet on Quadrant sampling 2.)“Too Many to Count” activity with a group 3.) Page 2 – 3 (quadrant sampling) in population ecology packet. Characteristics of Populations-cont’d • Mark-Recapture Method – for mobile wildlife. – sample captured, marked and then released – Marked animals mix randomly with unmarked animals and then a second sample of animals is captured • Marked to unmarked animals can be used to estimate the size of the entire population. Characteristics of Populationscont’d • Mark-Recapture Method-cont’d M=m N n M = Total # marked N = Total population m = # of recaptures n = Size of 2nd sample Ex.) on p.g. 655 http://www.biologycorner.com/flash/mark_recap.swf • Mark and recapture worksheet. Characteristics of Populations-cont’d • Technological Tracking Devices – When capturing animals for estimating population size, researchers may also attach radio collars, satellite-linked devices or other technological equipment • Used to track migration and/or behaviour patterns • Information can be mapped in geographic information systems (GIS) • Must ensure these devices do not harm the animals or restrict their activities • Complete pages 3 & 4 in your Population ecology packet. Measuring and Modeling Population Change • Carrying capacity – The maximum number of organisms that can be sustained by available resources over a given period of time Measuring and Modeling Population Change • Population dynamics – Changes in population characteristics determined by natality, mortality, immigration and emigration • Fecundity – The potential for a species to produce offspring in one lifetime (ex. high fecundity-starfish; low fecundityhumans) Measuring and Modeling Population Change • Biotic potential – The maximum rate a population can increase under ideal conditions Population change = [(births + immigration)-(deaths + emigration)] x 100 initial population size (n) Measuring and Modeling Population Change • Open population – Size and density influenced by births, deaths, immigration and emigration • Closed population – Size and density Influenced by births and deaths only – No migration occurs Measuring and Modeling Population Change • Three general survivorship patterns of species: Type I: High survivorship until fairly late in life, then high mortality Typically produce small numbers of offspring Type II: A fairly constant death rate Type III: Low survivorship early in life (ex. green sea turtles) Typically produce large numbers of offspring • Complete page 5 in your Ecology Packet. • Try out the calculating populations worksheet using the formulae they provide for you. Measuring and Modeling Population Change • Geometric growth • Population grows rapidly during breeding season then declines throughout the rest of the year until the next breeding season – Growth rate is a constant from year to year but not during the year Measuring and Modeling Population Change • Geometric growth-cont’d • Read pages 662-664 and complete page 6 in population ecology packet. Measuring and Modeling Population Change • Exponential Growth – Doubling time is a constant value – Populations exhibiting this growth increase in numbers rapidly – Results in a J-shaped growth curve – Although the overall graph appears similar to geometric growth (J-shape), in this case, there are no fluctuations (jumps) as a result of breeding times Measuring and Modeling Population Change • Exponential growth-cont’d • Read P.g. 664-665 and complete the corresponding part on p.g. 7 in Population ecology packet Measuring and Modeling Population Change • Logistic Growth – Most common growth pattern seen in nature – Geometric and exponential models assume that a population will grow indefinitely at the same rate • Realistically, limiting factors limit population growth and the population reaches the ecosystem’s carrying capacity • At the carrying capacity, the number of births and the number of deaths become equal Measuring and Modeling Population Change Logistic Growth-cont’d Measuring and Modeling Population Change • Logistic Growth – S-shaped (sigmoidal) curve – Three distinct phases: • Lag phase: Population is small and increasing slowly • Log phase: Population undergoes very rapid growth. • Stationary phase: Population growth slows / stops • Read pages 666- 669 and complete page 7 -8 in population ecology packet.