Identity Development
Social:
(James Marcia, 1966, 1980)
Four bases for forming an establishment
of political, religious, occupational,
sexual values and goals.
Social:
• Identity Crisis: Exploration, questioning
the values and goals defined by the
child’s parents
• Identity Commitment: Attaching
ownership to pronounced values and
goals
Social:
• Identity Foreclosures:
Identity Commitment, No Identity Crisis
• Identity Achievement:
Identity Commitment and Identity Crisis
• Moratoriums:
No Identity Commitment, Identity Crisis
• Identity Diffusion:
No Identity Crisis, No Identity Commitment
Racial and Ethnic:
Black Identity:
(Psychological Nigressence)
(Cross, 1995)
5 Stages:
1. Pre-encounter
2. Encounter
3. Immersion- Emersion
4. Internalization
5. Internalization Commitment
White Identity:
(Moving toward a Non-Racist White Identity)
(Helms, 1993)
Phase One: Abandonment of Racism
Status 1: Contact
Status 2: Disintegration
Status 3: Reintegration
Phase Two: Defining a Non-Racist White Identity
Status 4: Pseudo independence
Status 5: Immersion- Emersion
Status 6: Autonomy
Ethnic Identity Development:
(Phinney, 1990)
Stage 1: Diffusion-Foreclosure
Stage 2: Moratorium
Stage 3: Identity Achievement)
Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual:
Homosexual Identity Formation:
(Cass, 1979)
Stage 1: Identity Confusion
Stage 2: Identity Comparison
Stage 3: Identity Tolerance
Stage 4: Identity Acceptance
Stage 5: Identity Pride
Stage 6: Identity Synthesis
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual
Development
(D’Augelli, 1994)
Six Interactive Processes:
1: Exiting Heterosexual Identity
2: Developing a Personal LGB Identity Status
3: Developing a LGB Social Identity
4: Becoming a LGB Offspring
5: Developing a LGB Intimacy Status
6: Entering a LGB Community
Spiritual Development:
(Parks, 2000)
Stage 1: Forms of Knowing
Adolescent/ Conventional: Authority- bound, Dualistic/
Unqualified Relativism
Young Adult: Probing Commitment
Tested Adult: Tested Commitment
Mature Adult: Convictional Commitment
Stage 2: Forms of Dependence
Adolescent/ Conventional: Dependent/ Counter- dependent
Young Adult: Fragile Inner-dependence
Tested Adult: Confident Inner-dependence
Mature Adult: Interdependence
Stage 3: Forms of Community
Adolescent/ Conventional: Conventional/ Diffuse
Young Adult: Mentoring Community
Tested Adult: Self-selected class/group
Mature Adult: Open to Other
“The search for identity and coming to
know who one is in today’s world is a
complex process (Gergen, 1991). This
process is particularly intricate when
the multiple dimensions of race,
ethnicity, social class, gender and
sexual orientation are incorporated
(Jones, 1997).”
References:
Cass, V.C. (1979). Homosexual Identity
formation: A theoretical model. Journal
of Homosexuality, 4, 219-235.
Cross, W.E., Jr. (1995). The psychology of
Nigrescence: Revising the Cross model.
In J.G. Ponterotto, J.M. Casas, L.A.
Suzuki, & C.M. Alexander (Eds.),
Handbook of multicultural counseling
(pp. 93-122). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
D’Augelli, A.R. (1994). Identity development
and sexual orientation: Toward a model
of lesbian, gay, and bisexual
development. In E.J. Trickett, R.J. Watts,
& D. Birman (Eds.), Human diversity:
Perspectives on people in context (pp.
312-333). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Gergen, K.J. (1991). The saturated self:
Dilemmas of identity in contemporary
life. New York: Basic Books.
Helms, J.E. (1993). Toward a model of white
racial identity development. In J.E.
Helms (Ed.), Black and white racial
identity: Theory, research and practice
(pp. 49-66). Westport, CT: Praeger.
Jones, S.R. (1997). Voices of identity and
difference: A qualitative exploration of
the multiple dimensions of identity
development in women college
students. Journal of College Student
Development, 38, 376-386.
Josselson, R. (1987a). Finding herself:
Pathways to identity development in
women. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Marcia, J.E. (1966). Development and
validation of ego-identity status. Journal
of Personality and Social Psychology, 3,
551-558.
Marcia, J.E. (1980). Identity in adolescence.
In J. Adelson (Ed.), Handbook of
adolescent psychology (pp. 159-187).
New York: Wiley.
Parks, S.D. (2000). Big questions, worthy
dreams: Mentoring young adults in their
search for meaning, purpose, and faith.
San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Phinney, J.S. (1990). Ethnic identity in
adolescents and adults: Review of
research. Psychological Bulletin, 108,
499-514.
Reisser, L. (1995). Revisiting the seven
vectors. Journal of College Student
Development, 36, 505-511.