World History SOL5
The student will demonstrate knowledge of the
status and impact of global trade on civilizations
of the world after 1500 A.D. (C.E.) by:
5a. Describing the location and development of
the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal
Empires
Ottomans
• Original location of the Ottoman Empire
– Asia Minor
Ottomans
• The Osman Turks started on the
Anatolian Peninsula in Turkey.
• They started on land granted
them by the Seljuk Turks.
• They were a pastoral and
peaceful people at the start.
• As the Seljuk Turks began to
decline, the Osman began to
expand. The Ottoman dynasty
began.
Origins of the Ottoman Turk Empire
• YOUTUBE VIDEO
– http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=vIDEO'S+o
TTOMAN+eMPIRE&view=detail&mid=2E1A93421
9586423F8DC2E1A934219586423F8DC&first=41&
FORM=LKVR12
Question from Video Clip
• Questions on Video
– Who was the great leader who unified the Turks
Answer: Osman
– What do we call the Ottoman soldiers who fought for God and Islam
Answer: Ghazis
– Who did the Ottomans recruit as soldiers for their elite of slaves
soldiers called Janissaries
Answer: Young Christian boys from the areas of Europe they had
conquered.
Ottoman
• In the 14th century, the Ottomans
moved into the Balkans.
• They took the title of sultan and
began to build a strong military
by developing the “janissaries.”
• Janissary were an elite military
guard recruited from Christians,
converted to Islam, and trained as
foot soldiers or administrators to
the sultan.
The Role of Religion in the Ottoman
Empire
• Ottomans—gradually converted to Islam, and brought the
religion with them to Anatolia beginning in the 11th
century
• In the Ottoman Empire, Christians were guaranteed limited
freedoms (such as the right to worship), but were treated
as second-class citizens.
• Christians and Jews were not considered equals to
Muslims: testimony against Muslims by Christians and Jews
was inadmissible in courts of law.
• The system commonly known as the "blood tax" was
adopted: in this system children of the rural Christian
populations of the Balkans were conscripted before
adolescence and were brought up as Muslims.
Location of Ottoman
Turk Homeland
The Turks moved to Asia Minor
to escape the invasion of the
Mongols
Key
Byzantine Empire in Purple
Turk lands are Green Striped
Significant Conquests and Events
during the Early Ottoman Empire
• In 1402 The Mongols under their leader “Timur”
invaded the Asia Minor region of Anatolia and
defeated the Ottomans
– This victory was a moment of CRISIS for the Ottomans
and an internal power struggle broke out
– In 1444 a new Ottoman Sultan named Murad engaged
in a battle with the European crusaders and defeated
them
• The next Sultan was Mehmed II who conquered the
Byzantine Empire and captured Constantinople in 1453
– Constantinople was renamed Istanbul and made the capital city
of the Ottoman Empire
Mehmet II
• Nick Named “The Conqueror”
• Laid Siege to the City of
Constantinople with 80,000
soldiers
• Renamed the City of
Constantinople “Istanbul” and
made it the capital of the
Ottoman Empire
• His Royal Palace was the called
the Topkapi which meant “Iron
Gate”
Ottoman
• April 6, 1253, the Ottoman Turks
laid siege to the city of
Constantinople.
• May 29, 1253, Constantinople fell
to the Ottoman Turks and
Mehmet II.
• The Turks spent 3 days sacking
the city. Many people lost their
lives inside the city.
• The city was later renamed
Istanbul.
Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque
Significant Conquests and Events
during the Early Ottoman Empire
• Suleiman the Magnificent
– Ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1520 -1566
– Known as the “Lawgiver”
– Conquered Hungary in 1526
– Nearly captured the city of Vienna in 1528
Suleyman the Magnificent
• Called the Greatest Sultan of
the Ottoman Empire
• Expanded the Empire to
include present day Romania,
Hungary, and parts of Austria
• Under his rule the Turkish
Navy controlled the Eastern
Mediterranean Sea
• Know as a Patron of the Arts
– He built mosques, schools,
bridges, and public baths
Suleyman
•
Suleyman strengthened his military a great deal from the start of his rule.
– He had hundreds of cannons constructed and expanded his army of
janissaries, elite Turkish warriors, by several thousand.
– He also had fleets of warships built that yielded an impressive navy. With this
navy, the Turks were able to control the Mediterranean and terrorize passing
ships for their spoil.
•
During his forty-six year reign, Suleyman :
– undertook thirteen military campaigns of conquest. He managed to conquer
large parts of Hungary, Austria, and nearly Rome.
•
Through his many conquests, the piracy of his navy, and tribute and gifts from
other nations, Suleyman became one of the richest men of all time.
– His lifestyle at his palace displays his wealth.
– He would never wear the same clothes twice, he ate out of solid gold plates
encrusted with jewels, and his harem consisted of over 300 women.
Suleyman I’s full Title
“This says it all”
•
His Imperial Majesty The Sultan Süleyman I,
•
•
•
•
•
•
Sovereign of the Imperial House of Osman,
Sultan of Sultans,
Khan of Khans,
Commander of the Faithful and Successor of the Prophet of the Lord of the Universe,
Protector of the Holy Cities of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem,
Emperor of The Three Cities of Constantinople, Adrianople and Bursa, and of the Cities of Damascus
and Cairo, of all Azerbaijan, of the Magris, of Barka, of Kairuan, of Aleppo, of Arabic Iraq and of
Ajim, of Basra, of El Hasa, of Dilen, of Raka, of Mosul, of Parthia, of Diyar-i bekr, of Kurdistan, of
Cilicia, of the Vilayets of Erzurum, of Sivas, of Adana, of Karaman, of Van, of Barbary, of Abyssinia, of
Tunisia, of Tripoli, of Damascus, of Cyprus, of Rhodes, of Candia, of the Vilayet of the Morea, of the
Marmara Sea, of the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea and also its coasts, of Anatolia, of Rumelia,
Baghdad, Greece, Turkistan, Tartary, Circassia, of the two regions of Kabarda, of Georgia, of the
plain of Kypshak, of the whole country of the Tartars, of Kefa and of all the neighbouring countries,
of Bosnia and its dependencies, of the City and Fort of Belgrade, of the Vilayet (District) of Serbia,
with all the castles, forts and cities, of all Albania, of all Iflak and Bogdania, as well as all the
dependencies and borders, and many other countries and cities.
Ottoman Turk Expansion
Building Projects Completed by
Suleyman
Governing the Ottoman Empire
• The Sultan was the head of
the Empire and everyone
else was a slave
• The Sultan owned all the
land in the Empire
• The Ottoman Sultans
created a centralized
government which
contained a bureaucracy
Sultan
Absolute Ruler
The Grand Vizier
(advisor)
Given job based on Merit
Provincial Governors
Bays and Military Elites [Janissaries]
Heads of the religious Millets
Succession was not distinctly laid out
Religion in the Ottoman Empire
• The Ottoman Empire was, in principle, tolerant
towards Christians and Jews or "People of the
Book", according to the Qur'an)
• The Ottoman Empire was not tolerant towards
the polytheists.
• The price for Ottoman tolerance, was the nonMuslims were subject to a non-Muslim tax.
• The Millet System was a system of separate
religious communities who were allowed to
practice their religions and have some limited self
government under their own laws an customs
Definition of Millet
• Millet is a term for the confessional communities in the
Ottoman Empire.
• It refers to the separate legal courts pertaining to "personal
law" under which communities (Muslim Sharia, Christian
Canon law and Jewish Halakha law abiding) were allowed
to rule themselves under their own system.
• After the Ottoman Tanzimat (1839–76) reforms, the term
was used for legally protected religious minority groups,
similar to the way other countries use the word nation.
• The word Millet comes from the Arabic word millah ( )‫ملة‬
and literally means "nation". The Millet system of Islamic
law has been called an early example of pre-modern
religious pluralism
The Millets
Muslim
Orthodox
Jewish
Armenian
Catholic
Constantinople to Istanbul
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w1JPWFx
B9ZI&feature=related
Suleiman the Magnificent Video
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQxmBY-RPs&feature=related
Trade and Economics in the Ottoman
Empire
The ottomans controlled the Asian trade routes and the products that came from
Asia until the Portuguese explorer Vasco Da Gama opened a new maritime trade
route around Africa in 1498
Important Domestic “made in the Ottoman Empire” Products
1. Ceramics
2. Textiles (Rugs and Tapestries)
3. Coffee
Decline of the Ottoman Empire
• After the death od Suleyman the Great
– As Europe states such as Spain, France, and
Poland became stronger the ability of the
Ottomans to invade an take territory diminished
• In 1571 the Ottoman Navy, long a power part of the
Ottoman military machine suffered a defeat at the
Battle of Lepanto, near Greece
• In 1683 The Ottoman army was defeated outside of
Vienna, Austria by an Army under the command of
Polish King John III
Decline of the Ottoman Empire
• By the beginning of the 1700’s the Ottoman Empire face
real problem
– They had lost control of the spice and silk trade between Europe
and Asia as European explorers had opened new sea trade
routes to Asia
– The power of the Sultans decreased as the government became
corrupt and faced internal power struggles
– In the 1700’s the Ottomans lost control of the Crimean
Peninsula and the Islands of the Black Sea to the Russians
– In 1798 the Ottomans lost control of land in the Balkans
• The Ottoman Empire continued to exist until World War I
when in 1923 the Nation of Turkey was established and the
Ottoman Empire dismantled by the Allied powers; England
and France [winners of WWI}
Key Question Review
OTTOMAN EMPIRE (5a))
The Ottoman Empire emerged as a political and economic power following the conquest of Constantinople. The Ottomans
brought much of the Muslim territory in Southwest Asia and North Africa under their rule.
Original location of the Ottoman Empire

__________________
Expansion and extent of the Ottoman Empire (see map on next page)
 Southwest Asia
_____________ Peninsula
 ___________________
 Southeastern Europe,
Development of the Ottoman Empire
 Capital at Constantinople renamed
______________
_________ religion as a unifying force that accepted other religions
 Trade in ____________ and ______________

Mughal Empire
• In the 1300’s Turkish Muslims
controlled India
– In the 1500’s the power of these
Turks had diminished and Indian
warrior princes called Rajput's
challenged them for control
• As the powers in India fought one
another an outside force, the
Mongols , lead by Babur “The
Tiger”
– In 1526 the city of Delhi and its
surrounding regions fell to Babur
becoming the core of the new
Mughal Empire
Moguls
•
•
•
•
Babur was the founder of the Mogul
Empire and united the Hindu and
Muslim kingdoms of India.
He was a descendant of Timur Lenk,
and his mother, from the Mongol
conquerors of Genghis Khan.
He took the Khyber Pass in northwest
India and the city of Delhi in North
India.
His armies were usually smaller than
his opponents but had weapons,
artillery, and used them with great
effect.
Mogul
•
•
•
•
Akbar the Great was the grandson of
Babur’
He placed most of India under Mogul
control by use of artillery and
negotiation.
He was best known for his humane
character of his rule: he adopted a
policy of religious tolerance – even
marrying a Hindu princess.
Zamindars were low ranking officials
of Hindu descent who got paid by
keeping part of collected taxes. They
were part of his toleration of
government administration.
What religion
did the Mughal
spread into
India?
Islam
Mogul
•
•
•
•
Shah Jahan ruled from 1628 to 1658.
He ruled using the political system
started by earlier Mogul rulers.
He expanded the boundaries of the
Mogul Empire through campaigns
through the Deccan Plateau and
Samarkand in the Hindu Kush.
He is best known for the Taj Mahal –
a mausoleum for his favorite wife,
Mumatz Mahal. This is the finest
piece of Mogul architecture. It
combines Persian, Ottoman, Indian,
and Islamic styles.
It is located in Agra, India.
Mogul
•
•
•
•
Aurangzeb took over from his father,
Shah Jahan. He had his brother put to
death.
He was a devout Muslim and a man
of high principle.
He tried to eliminate many of the
things he thought were social evils in
India: suttee (a Hindu practice of
cremating a widow on her husband’s
funeral pyre), levying illegal taxes,
gambling, and drinking.
He did not embrace religious
tolerance – tried to get Hindu to
convert to Islam – and this led to
social unrest that made India open to
attack from abroad.
Key Mughal Leaders
Name
Ruled from – to
Died
notes
Babur
1526 – 1530
December 26, 1530
Founder of the Mughal
Empire
Akbar
1556 - 1605
October 27, 1605
Akbar greatly expanded
the Empire and is
regarded as the most
famous ruler of the
Mughal Dynasty.
Shah Jahan
1627 - 1658
1666
Under him, Mughal art
and architecture reached
their height; constructed
the Taj Mahal and Red
Fort, Deposed and
imprisoned by his son
Aurangzeb
Aurangzeb
1658 - 1707
March 3, 1707
He reinterpreted Islamic
and spent more than 20
years of his life defeating
major rebel factions in
India; his conquests
expanded the empire to
its greatest extent
Mogul
• The Mogul Empire spread from
the Hindu Kush mountains east to
the Bay of Bengal; from modernday Afghanistan south to near the
southern tip of India.
• The Moguls under Babur and
Akbar were characterized by
religious tolerance, toleration of
political administration, and
military superiority (use of
artillery).
Moguls
• Women in the Mogul Empire had
a complex life.
• Women had played a role in
Mogul tribal society – warriors
and advisors in political matters.
They could own land and do
business.
• They also had restrictions of
Islamic law: isolation of women
was practiced in upper class
Hindu families.
• A lot of Hindu practices went
unchanged by Mogul rule
Moguls
•
•
•
•
•
•
The Moguls brought together Persian
and Indian influences in art and
architecture.
The Taj Mahal is the greatest example
of Mogul architecture.
Akbar got Indian artist to use Persian
and Indian motifs.
The “Akbar style” included humans in
action.
He encouraged his artist to imitate
European art forms, including
perspective and lifelike portraits.
He commissioned artist from Persia
and Europe to come teach Indian
artists.
THE LARGEST ARMY
• The Mughals maintained the largest standing
army of that time. Just one estimate: In 1628
there 200,000 salaried cavalrymen, 8000
mansabdars, 7000 ahadis and mounted
musketeers were stationed at the imperial
capital, besides the armies of the nobles,
mansabdars and the princes. In many instances
they had the fastest moving army as well.
Akbar was able to cover a distance of 500
THE LARGEST ARMY…
• miles (normally it took twenty-one days), in
nine days to crush a rebellion (this feat was
never repeated).
• Mughal dynamism depended on its military
conquest, so much that some historians call it
“a war state (J F Richards). Mughal emperors
made little apology for attacking the
neighbouring rulers and they regarded the
THE PROVINCIAL OFFICIALS
• The division of functions established at the
centre was duplicated in the provinces. At each
provincial capital a subahdar (governor)
responsible directly to the emperor, shared
power with a diwan (finance official) reported
to the imperial diwan, bakshi (military and
intelligence official) reported to the mir-bakshi
and a sadr reported to the imperial qazi.
DEFINING MUGHAL CULTURE
• In Indian languages adjectives derived from
the word Mughal connote the ultimate in
luxury and display, it also came to be
associated with grandeur and extravagance on
a large scale. Mughals came to be known for
their lavish life styles. Few examples: Akbar
only drank water from river Ganges and
wherever, he went the water was delivered to
him fresh.
THE MUGHAL CULTURE…
• The imperial kitchens prepared 1000 dishes a
day and the imperial tents could accommodate
1500 people.
• Shahjahan was able to immortalize Mughal
grandeur in monumental buildings like the Taj
Mahal, new capital city in Delhi, large scale
renovations in Agra and Lahore and luxurious
court adorned with a peacock throne (made in
THE MUGHAL CULTURE…
• ten million rupees). Shahjahan spent more than
28 million on his buildings. Despite the large
investments on war and imperial structures,
Shahjahan was able to amass wealth worth
ninety one million rupees (half in cash and half
in jewels, gold and silver).
What architectural
achievement are the
Mughals famous for?
HUMAYUN’S TOMB, DELHI
THE TAJ MAHAL
ANOTHER VIEW OF TAJ
DIWAN-I-KHAS, DELHI
LAL QILA, DELHI
FATEHPUR SIKRI
SHALIMAR BAGH, KASHMIR
MUGHAL PAINTINGS
MUGHAL PAINTINGS
MUGHAL PAINTINGS
MUGHAL ART
MUGHAL JEWELLRY
What were the
chief products
traded by the
Mughals Empire?
Textiles
clothing products
Influence of Indian Cotton and Textiles
on England/Britain
•
•
•
The British East India Company received its charter in 1600 and the Dutch East
India Company was founded two years later.
These agencies bought textiles in India for silver and gold, then exchanged them
for spices grown in the Malay Islands, and sold the spices in Europe and Asia.
Soon Indian textiles were exported directly to Europe, where they became highly
fashionable.
– The popularity of Indian textiles is evidenced in the number of words that have made their
way into English: calico, pajama, gingham, dungaree, chintz, and khaki.
•
•
India was a primary producer of cotton, which the BEIC later directly imported to
England to feed the new weaving machinery developed during the Industrial
Revolution.
Impact on England/Britain
– As a result England was able to take control of the textile industry and make huge profits
•
Impact on India
– As a result of the demand for cotton, Indian landowners put more land under the plow and
increased production
Who was the
first European
to sail to India?
Vasco Da Gama
Portugal
Da Gama’s
route to India
After Da Gama’s
trip, which three
European countries
set up trading
posts in Mogul
India?
Portugal, England, and
the Netherlands ()
Trading-post empires are those empires in the earlier
centuries (13-15th) which traded vast goods and set up
England
trading posts. Trading posts were built by European traders
along the coasts of Africa and Asia as a base for trade with
the interior. Trading posts (or 'Factories') were islands of
European law and sovereignty, but European authority
seldom extended very fat beyond the fortified post.
Netherlands
Competing for Trade on the Indian
Ocean
• the Mughals faced hostilities from the European trading
companies that aimed to monopolies the sea trade.
• the European trading companies used naval military forces
and coercion to gain supremacy on the sea trade.
– The Mughals were handicapped by their lack of an effective
navy.
• The long term objective of the Europeans, regardless of
country, was to deny Indian ships access to Southeast Asia,
and take over all trade to Southeast Asia for themselves.
• The English and Dutch were granted 21-year permission of
monopoly in the “East Indies by the Mughal government
which encouraged the establishment of coastal posts for
trade.
Which European country
was MOST influenced by
the Mughal Empire’s
textile industry?
(they copied it)
England
Moguls
•
•
•
•
•
The British helped the decline of the
Mogul Empire in India.
Sir Robert Clive became the chief
representative of the British East
India Company.
He was instrumental in getting the
British East India control of Indian
trade by taking Bengal. The B.E.I.C.
could now tax the lands surrounding
the city of Calcutta.
The Indians practiced guerilla warfare
against the British.
The British moved inland. Trade
brought money to the British. The
British were in India to stay.
The Decline of the Mughal Empire
• The Mughal Emperors lost effective power in favor of the
British in 1764.
• In 1804, the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II formally
accepted the protection of the British East India Company.
– The once glorious and mighty Mughal army was disbanded in
1805 by the British and only the guards of the Red Fort were
allowed to remain and serve the Mughal leader, who was now
called the King Of Delhi. The British used the East India
Company as a cover to pretend they served the Mughal for a
few decades
– In 1857, even these courtesies were disposed. A rebellion by
Indian soldiers in the British Army, who declared their allegiance
to the Mughal, lead to the disestablishment of the Mughal
Empire and British direct rule of India as a colony
Great Britain
British Empire
in India and the world
Key Question Review
INDIA (5b)
Mughal Empire:
Descendants of the Mongols, the Muslim Mughal (Mogul) rulers established an empire in northern India. The Mughal Empire
traded with European nations. The Mughal Empire was located in North India.
Contributions of Mughal rulers
__________ into India
Art and architecture—_________________
Arrival of European trading ______________
 Spread of


 Influence of Indian textiles on British textile industry
Trade with European nations
 Portugal, England, and the Netherlands competed for the Indian Ocean trade by establishing Coastal ports on the Indian
subcontinent.
Southern India
Much of southern India remained independent and continued international trade
 Southern India traded
______, ________ and ______
 The Taj Mahal was a white marble tomb built in 1630-53 in Agra (which was the seat
of the Mughal Empire) by Shah Jehan for his wife. It is considered to be among the
great buildings of the world.
Safavid
• The Safavid Dynasty started with
Shah Ismail.
• He was a descendant of Safi alDin who had been the leader of a
Turkish ethnic groups in
Azerbaijan near the Caspian Sea.
• Under Ismail, the Safavid took
control of much of Iran and Iraq
Safavid
•
•
•
•
Shah Abbas, who ruled from 1588 to
1629, brought the Safavids to their
highest point of glory.
He usurped the throne from his
father and imprisoned him. He later
killed the man who helped him get
the throne.
He attacked the Ottoman Turks, with
European help – they saw the
Safavids as allies – to regain lost lands
from the Ottomans.
The Safavids could not keep
territorial gains, but a treaty was
signed in 1612 returning Azerbaijan
to the Safavids.
Safavid
• The Safavid Empire went from
Azerbaijan on the Caspian Sea
east to India; along the Persian
Gulf and Arabian Sea north to the
southern border of Russia.
• When Shah Abbas died, religious
orthodoxy, a pressure to conform
to traditional religious beliefs,
increased. Women were to give
up freedom for a life of seclusion
and the wearing of the veil.
Safavid
•
•
•
•
•
•
Isfahan was the Safavid capital.
While under Shah Hussein, it was
taken by Afghan peoples.
Persia sank into a period of anarchy –
lawlessness and disorder.
The role of the shah was that of a
king.
The social structure was Shah,
bureaucracy and landed classes, then
the common people.
The official religion was Shia Islam
because the Shiites supported the
shahs at first.
Safavid
• Isfahan was the jewel of the
Safavid Empire, and it is still that
for modern-day Iran.
• Silk weaving flourished, but
carpet weaving flourished more –
Persian rugs are still prized today.
• Riza-i-Abbasi is the most famous
artist of this time. He made
beautiful works about simple
subjects such as oxen plowing,
hunters, and lovers. They used
soft colors and flowing
movement in painting.