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Biology Final Study Guide
Biology 10.1 and 10.2 Review
10.1
1. As cells grow larger, they face two problems:
A. More
on its DNA
B. It becomes
efficient at
materials.
3. When cells get too large, they go through
.
4. Fill in the table below
Asexual
Sexual
Offspring
are…
Advantage
Disadvantage
10.2
5. Describe what the DNA looks like in prokaryotes.
6. DNA + Histone protein =
8. Prokaryotes go through a type of cell division called
When eukaryotes go through cell division, it is called
.
9. What part of the cell cycle is made up of G1, S, and G2 phases?
10. What happens in the G1 phase?
In the S phase?
11. What two phases make up the M phase? What is the difference between them?
12. How are the chromatids and centromere related?
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14. List the four phases of mitosis in order. Tell me one thing that happens during each phase,
and draw a picture of the phase as well.
Phase and picture
1.
2.
3.
4.
Biology 10.3 and 10.4 Review
10.3
1. Controls on cell growth can be turned on and off.
A. When might cells division increase?
B. When might cell division slow down?
2. What proteins regulate the cell cycle?
B. What is an easy way to remember this?
Description
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4. How does apoptosis help form specific structures, like individual fingers and toes, in a
developing fetal organism?
5. What is cancer?
6. A. Which type of tumor is cancerous?
Which is noncancerous?
B. Can you think of an easy way to remember these?
8. A. What are three treatments for cancer?
B. Why does chemotherapy leave a person weak?
10.4
9. What is the earliest stage of development called?
10. What is differentiation? Give an example.
11. A. What is the difference between the following terms?
Totipotent:
Pluripotent:
Multipotent:
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12. What are stem cells?
13. Why are adult stem cell only multipotent?
14. Why is stem cell research important?
15. Why is embryonic stem cell research controversial?
11.4
Question 1
Where are genes located?
a
b
c
d
On the centrioles
Shared between centromeres
Specific positions on chromosomes
Around the cell
Question 2
Suppose a diploid cell contains 22 chromosomes. How many chromosomes does a haploid
cell contain?
a
b
c
d
40
10
33
11
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Question 3
What are examples of haploid cells?
Gametes
a
Body cells
b
Muscle cells
c
Stem cells
d
Question 4
During which phase of meiosis do tetrads form and crossing over occurs?
Prophase I
a
Cytokinesis
b
Telophase II
c
Anaphase II
d
Question 5
Why is crossing over important?
It helps split cells
a
Produces new combinations of genes
b
It doubles the amount of cells
c
Allows centromeres to line up
d
Question 6
During which phase of meiosis are the homologous chromosomes pulled apart?
Anaphase I
a
Cytokinesis
b
Metaphase II
c
Metaphase I
d
Question 7
During which phase of meiosis do the haploid cell’s chromosomes line up across the middle?
Telophase I
a
Anaphase II
b
Prophase I
c
Metaphase II
d
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Question 8
Respectively, what are the male and female gametes called?
Diploid and haploid
a
Sperm and fertilization
b
Sperm and egg
c
Embryo and egg
d
Question 9
The process that fuses the male and female gametes is called what?
Fertilization
a
Embryo
b
Doubling
c
Zygote
d
Question 10
When the male and female gametes come together, they form a what?
Coupling
a
Gamete
b
Zygote
c
Fertilization
d
Question 11 - Match each question or term with the correct letter below.
Column A
Column B
1. The two sets of same chromosomes that match.:
A. Homologous Pair
2. A cell containing a single set of chromosomes,
represented by N, is...:
B. Tetrad
C. Haploid
3. What is another name for sperm and egg?:
4. Four chromatids joined together are called a
what?:
5. A cell containing both sets of chromosomes,
represented by 2N, is...:
D. Diploid
E. Gametes
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12.1 and 12.2 Review
12.1
1. Griffith did four experiments. List them and their results.
Injected mice with…
What happened to mice?
2. What did Avery do to determine DNA was the transforming factor?
4. All these experiments confirmed that DNA does what three things?
12.2
1. In DNA, nucleotides are made of what three things?
2. DNA has four bases. What are they, and how do they always pair up (according to Chargaff’s rule)?
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3. What did Franklin show using X-ray diffraction?
4. What did Watson and Crick do / what did they prove about the shape of DNA?
5. DNA strands are antiparallel, which means they go in
directions.
6. What type of bonds hold DNA strands together? What do they allow the DNA strands to do?
7. Match the enzymes with their job:
______DNA helix is unzipped by…
A. DNA Polymerase
______ DNA fragments are joined by…
B. Helicase
______ Complementary nucleotides are added to
C. Ligase
make a new strand of DNA by….
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For each of the following sequences, fill in either the DNA, the mRNA sequence, the tRNA
anticodons, or the amino acid sequences that have been left blank. If several sequences might work
choose any one.
1. DNA
mRNA
2.
___
A U G
A C U
A G C
U G G
G G G
U A U
U A C
tRNA
___
AA
___
DNA
T A C
C G C
T C C
G C C
G T C
G A C
A C C
mRNA
_
tRNA
_
AA
_
3. DNA
AA
A C T
__
mRNA
tRNA
U A G
__
U A C
C A C
C C C
C G U
A U G
G C U
__
A A U
A U C
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6. What is transcription? What is translation?
7. What is a polypeptide?
8. What determines the properties and function of proteins?
9. Every three nucleotides make up a
, which specifies a single
10. Where does transcription occur?
Where does translation occur?
11. Each tRNA carries one
. Each amino acid is connected
with
bonds. The order of amino acids is determined by the
mRNA and the
on tRNA that compliment them.
12. DNA makes up genes which contain
13.1
13. What are the three differences between RNA and DNA?
14. Name the three types of RNA and what they do.
for assembling protein.
.
on
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15. Which of the GENE MUTATIONS is A. insertion, B. deletion, and C. substitution?
16. Which of the following CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS is
A. Duplication,
C. Inversion, and
B. Deletion
D. Translocation
Biology 11.1/11.2 Review
11.1
1. Define genetics:
2. The process by which male and female reproductive cells join to produce a new cell
is called
.
3. If a plant is true-breeding, how do the parents and offspring compare?
4. If a tall plant has all tall offspring, is it true-breeding?
If a tall plant has all short offspring, is it true-breeding?
If a tall plant has both tall and short offspring, is it true-breeding?
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5. Hybrids are offspring of parents with
traits.
6. Which generation comes before the F1 generation?
After F1?
7. What do you need to express a dominant trait?
8. What do you need to express a recessive trait?
9. Each trait is determined by how many alleles?
11.2
11. Fill in the table with the missing information.
Genotype
Name of genotype
Dom or Rec Trait
Expressed
TT
Heterozygous
Recessive
12. What is genotype? Give three examples.
13. What is phenotype? Give three examples?
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14. If blue is dominant (B) and red is recessive (b), what genotype (BB, Bb, or bb) will the
following narwhals have?
A. Heterozygous
B. Red
C. Homozygous blue
D. Homozygous red
E. If the narwhal is red, what genotype will it have?
F. If the narwhal is blue, what are the two genotypes it could have?
Bio 11.3 Practice WS
Most genetic traits have a stronger, dominant allele and a weaker, recessive allele.
Complete dominance - In an individual with a heterozygous genotype, the dominant allele shows
up in the offspring and the recessive allele gets covered up and doesn’t show.
Incomplete dominance - Heterozygous genotypes allow both alleles to partially show by
blending together.
Codominance – Heterozygous genotypes allow both alleles to be completely expressed at the
same time, like spots or stripes.
Examples of each are listed below.
1-3 Write what each type would be if they were heterozygous.
1. Complete dominance = If Red (RR) and White flower (rr) were crossbred, what phenotype
would Rr be?
2. Incomplete dominance = If Red (RR) and White flower (rr) were crossbred, what phenotype
would Rr be?
3. Codominance = If Red (RR) and White flower (WW) were crossbred, what phenotype would
RW be?
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Incomplete dominance practice Problems
4-6. Snapdragons are incompletely dominant for color. Red flowers are homozygous
dominant (RR), white flowers are homozygous recessive (rr), and the pink flowers are
heterozygous (Rr).
Give the genotypes for each of the phenotypes, using the letters
“R” and “ r ” for alleles:
a. Red snapdragon
b. Pink snapdragon
c. White snapdragon
genotype: ______
genotype: ______
genotype: ______
Show genetic crosses between the following snapdragon parents, using the punnett squares
provided, and
record the phenotypic ratios below:
a. pink x pink
white
b. red x white
Phenotypic ratios
: ________________
Phenotypic ratio
: ________________
c. pink x
Phenotypic ratio
: ________________
Codominance practice Problems
7. In Smileys, eye shape can be starred (SS), circular (CC), or a circle with a star (CS).
Write the genotypes for the pictured phenotypes
_________
__________
___________
8. Show the cross between a star-eyed (SS) and a circle eyed (CC).
What are the phenotypes of the offspring? ____________
What are the genotypes? __________
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9. Show the cross between a circle-star eyed (CS), and a circle eyed (CC).
How many of the offspring are circle-eyed? ____________
How many of the offspring are circle-star eyed? ____________
10. Show the cross between two circle-star eyed (CS x CS).
How many of the offspring are circle-eyed? ____________
How many of the offspring are circle-star eyed? ____________
How many are star eyed? ____________
11. For the following, write “D” for complete dominance, “I” for incomplete dominance, “C”
for codominance. Remember that the “medium” trait must always be heterozygous.
Biology 14.1 Review
1. Define karyotype:
2. Which chromosomes would go together using a karyotype (fill in blanks below)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Letters of chromosomes that go together:
,
3. The sex chromosomes are represented by which two letters?
4. What sex chromosomes do
A. Females have:
,
B. Males have:
5. Sex chromosomes make up 2 chromosomes.
The other 44 chromosomes are called
6. Sex-linked traits are inherited on which two chromosomes:
.
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7. Most sex-linked traits are on which sex chromosomes?
11. What are pedigrees used for?
12. What shape represents
A. Males
B. Females
13. Draw male and female parents with children: two girls and a boy.
14. This pedigree shows the inheritance of albinism, a recessive trait.
White = normal, Shaded = albinism
A. If a person has albinism, what is their genotype:
B. If a person does not have albinism, what are their two possible genotypes:
C. What is the genotype of I-2?
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Biology 15.1/15.2 Review
1. If a farmer is using selective breeding with his plants and animals, what is he doing?
2. The two types of selective breeding are hybridization and inbreeding.
A. Describe each and B. include an example of each (made up or real)
Example you cannot use: Hybridization: rabbit + antelope = jackalope
3. Fill in the table below
Hybridization
Inbreeding
Advantage
Disadvantage
Hybrids are often steril.
4. There are two main ways to increase variation.
A. In bacteria, for example, scientists can introduce
B. For plants, scientists can make them
.
, which means
6. What do restriction enzymes do?
7. We use recombinant DNA to transform bacteria to produce human proteins.
What is recombinant DNA?
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8. What are plasmids, and where are they found?
10. What is a transgenic organism? Give an example (made up or real).
Example you cannot use: Dog + chameleon gene for color change = dog that can change color.
11. A. Define clone:
B. Does that mean the clone will be exactly like the first in every way?
Biology 15.3 Review
1. Define “genetic engineering”
2. What are three advantages to genetic engineering?
3. Define gene therapy
4. A. What does DNA fingerprinting analyze?
B. Why is it useful in identifying individuals?
C. What is forensics?
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Biology Chp 16 Review
16.1
1.
= theory stating the organisms evolved over long periods of
time through descent from a common ancestor.
2. What three patterns of diversity did Darwin observe?
16.2
3. What two things did Lamarck hypothesize?
4. Why was Lamarck wrong?
16.3
5. Natural selection occurs under three circumstances.
A. Explain “struggle for existence”
B. Define “Adaptation” C. What does it mean to have “high-fitness”?
6. In one environment, brown geckos outnumber green geckos. Using the definition of “natural
selection,” why are there more brown geckos?
7. Can natural selection change so that there becomes more green geckos? Explain.
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16.4
8. All of the following are used as evidence for evolution. Define them, then explain why they are
considered evidence.
Definition
Term
Why it is considered
evidence?
Homologous structure
Analogous Structure
Not considered evidence
Vestigial Structure
Embryology
Common Genetic Code
Biology Chapter 3/4.2 Study Guide
1. Define ecology in your own words:
2. ______________________ - all life depends on other living things and resources. For example,
humans need plants to eat, which need insects to pollinate them, which need nectar for food,
etc.
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3. Fill in the table below with the levels of organization:
Level of organization
Definition
Example
Individual
living thing
A group of zebras
Community
Collection of all organisms
(biotic) in a place together
with the abiotic (physical)
environment.
North Africa contains a
group of ecosystems
with similar climate and
communities
The largest level of
organization
4. Matching – Is the resource abiotic or biotic?
A. Abiotic
_____ Sunlight
B. Biotic
_____ Water
_____ Trees
_____ Wind
_____ Prey
5. What are the three steps of ecological methods?
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6. Producers are also called _______________________. An example would be __________________.
They use ________________________ to convert light into energy and
_________________________ to convert chemicals into energy.
7. Heterotrophs are also called _______________ because they have to ___________________________
for energy.
Match the type of heterotroph to what it eats:
___________Herbivore
A. Vulture and hyena
___________Carnivore
B. Giraffe
___________Omnivore
C. People
__________Detritivore
D. Bacteria and fungi
__________Decomposer
E. Lion
8. Which is simpler, food chain or food web? Why?
9. Trophic levels show each step in a food chain. Write a trophic level with FOUR levels and
label each one T1, T2, T3, and T4.
10. What do ecological pyramids show?
11. The total amount (mass) of living tissue in a trophic level is the _______________________.
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12. Tolerance – a species ability to survive and reproduce
under a ____________________________________________________________________.
For a frog, optimal tolerance would be….
For a frog, the intolerance zone would be…
13. In your own words, define niche –
14. Physical resources are _____________ factors, which biological resources are ___________ factors.
What is a physical resource for a bear?
A biological resource?
15. When does competition occur?
16. What type of competition is beetle vs. beetle?
What type of competition is beetle vs. praying mantis?
17. What is the competitive exclusion principle? Can you give an example?
18. What two things are prey and plants affected by predators and herbivores?
19. _______________ ________________ - a single species that can dramatically change a community.
20. What type of symbiosis is humans providing shelter for bacteria, and the bacteria helping
break down food? Why?
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21. What type of symbiosis is a tapeworm that takes your nutrients, and a human loses that
nutrients? Why?
22. What type of symbiosis is barnacles that benefit from living on a whale, but the whale is
unaffected? Why?