Biology Final Exam Study Guide 2013
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What are homologous chromosomes?
What happens during crossing –over?
How does crossing –over affect genetic variation?
How do bacteria reproduce?
What happens in each of the phases of the cell cycle?
What is cytokinesis?
What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis?
What is replication?
What is transcription?
What is translation?
What is a karyotype?
How many of each are found in humans:
Autosomes
sex chromosomes
total of chromosomes
How many chromosomes are in the human gamete?
What happens to the cell cycle in cancer?
Define cell cycle.
Be able to identify the stages.
What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous?
What is the difference between dominant and recessive?
What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?
What is the difference between haploid and diploid?
Define heredity.
Who is considered to be the “father “ of genetics?
What are the phenotypic and genotypic ratios for a monohybrid cross?
Cross a homozygous dominant parent (BB) and a homozygous recessive parent (bb).
Give the genotypic and phenotypic ratios for the offspring. Identify homozygous and heterozygous genotypes.
If you crossed two offspring from # 21, what would you expect for the genotypic and phenotypic ratios?
Be able to explain p, f1 and f2 generations.
If two parents display the dominant phenotype, how can they produce offspring with a recessive phenotype?
What is incomplete dominance? Cross a red flower and a white flower. Red is incompletely dominant to white.
What would be the phenotypes and genotypes of the offspring?
What is codominance?
Be able to interpret a Punnett square of a monohybrid cross and a dihybrid cross.
What is a Punnett square?
What is the Law of Independent Assortment?
What is the main function of DNA?
Of the four nitrogenous bases of DNA, which partner together?
What would be the mRNA sequence that is a complement to this section of DNA?
AATCCGTAAGGC
What is a codon? Give an example.
What is an anticodon. Give an example.
38. What is the sequence of amino acids that would be produced from this DNA sequence after transcription and
translation? Use the table in your book.
AATCCGTAAGGC
39. What is the ultimate product of transcription and translation?
40. How does DNA differ from RNA?
41. What are the components of a nucleotide?
42. What is the sugar in DNA?
43. Be able to identify a diagram of a nucleotide?
44. What is the flow of information during normal gene expression?
45. Be able to label a diagram of protein synthesis.
46. What are the functions of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA?
47. What are the contributions of the following scientists?
Watson and Crick
Griffith
Hershey and Chase
Rosalind Franklin
Wilkins
48. What is a chromosome map?
49. Define the following terms:
Inversion
Nondisjunction
Multiple alleles
Deletion
Genetic disorder
Complex characters
Substitution
Duplication
Insertion
Gene linkage
Translocation
Carrier
Frameshift mutation
Lethal mutation
Mutation
Gene therapy
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What is the difference between mutations that occur in somatic cells vs. mutations that occur in germ cells?
Why does colorblindness occur more frequently in males and less frequently in females?
What is a polygenic trait? Give 4 examples
What usually is the cause of an extra chromosome, such as trisomy 13, trisomy 18, and trisomy 21?
Define the following terms related to evolution:
Evolution
Artificial selection
Convergent evolution
Adaptation
Vestigial structure
Analogous features
Natural selection
Divergent evolution
Coevolution
List the major contribution to science, as it relates to evolution, of the following scientists:
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
Charles Darwin
Why do some modern organisms have vestigial structures?
Give four examples of acquired human traits (characteristics).
According to Darwin, what was the mechanism for evolution?
How does natural selection work?
Why is the fossil record related to evolution?
What must exist for natural selection to occur? Give at least three things.
Explain why the beaks of the finches on the Galapagos Islands evolved.
Give three examples of artificial selection.
What does the modern synthesis of evolutionary theory predict?
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What results when there is a scarcity of resources and a growing population?
What is a virus?
Of what is a virus made?
What is a capsid?
What part of the virus enters the host cell?
What are the four types of tissue found in humans and where are they located?
What is an organ?
What is the axial skeleton?
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Explain the different parts of a bone: red marrow, yellow marrow, compact bone, spongy bone,
periosteum
What is the function of the human skeleton?
What is the difference between cartilage and bone?
Define the following terms:
Ligament, joint, tendon
List the differences between smooth muscle, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle.
Do muscles push bones or pull bones?
Be able to label a diagram of the human heart.
Be able to explain the flow of blood through the heart, into the heart and out of the heart, indicating where the
blood is oxygenated and deoxygenated.
Explain the differences between the following blood vessels: arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, and capillaries.
Why does an artery have a much thicker muscle layer than the other blood vessels?
Do mature red blood cells have a nucleus?
Draw red blood cells.
Explain the steps of the formation of blood clots.
What substances does the blood transport?
What is atherosclerosis?
What is diastolic pressure? What is systolic pressure?
What is the function of valves in the cardiovascular system? Where are they found?
Explain the parts of the blood and the role of each.
Be able to label a diagram of the respiratory system?
Define the following: alveoli, bronchi, bronchioles, trachea, pharynx, and larynx. Know how they are connected.
Explain the process of gas exchange in the lungs.
Where does the actual gas exchange take place?
How does the diaphragm function in breathing?
What are the first lines of defense against infection in humans?
What are the steps of the inflammatory response?
99.What are the parts that make up the immune system?
100.What is the role of helper T cells?
101.What are the different types of white blood cells that are involve in the immune response?
102.What are B cells and what is their role in the immune response?
103.Which blood cell stays in the body for long periods of time?
104. Define the following diseases:
Multiple sclerosis
Lupus erythematosus
Rheumatoid arthritis
Crohn’s disease
105. Explain how HIV causes AIDS?
106. Which of the organic macromolecules provides
most of the body’s energy needs?
107. Locate and explain the role of each of the following
organs:
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Esophagus
Stomach
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas
Small intestines
Large intestine
108. Be able to identify a diagram of each: protein,
carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid.
109. What is the structural and functional unit of the
kidney?
110. Where is urea formed in the excretory system?
111. In what organ does urine leave the body?
112. Be able to identify a diagram of the nephron.
Prepare Well!! Good luck!!!!