New Nationalism
• Heightened nationalism (emergence of
American literature, art, history)
• Expansion of army and navy
• Revive Bank of the United States
• Rebuild a newer, better capital/White House
• Building a national turnpike
• Defeating the Barbary Pirates 1815
“The American System”
•
Tariff of 1816
– first protective tariff in US history,
20-25% of dutiable imports
• Henry Clay’s “American System”
1. Strong Bank  available credit
2. Protective Tariff  encourage manufacturing
AND pay for canals and roads
3. Canals and Roads  connect and integrate the
growing country’s economy
NOTE: Republicans defeated federal support for state
improvements, ergo Erie Canal, etc. paid for by States
Era of Good Feelings
– Really?
• Election of 1816: Republicans crush Federalists,
183 to 34 (see election.org)
• James Monroe is 8th President of the United States
• Monroe is the ambassador of Nationalism
• Monroe’s administration was called the “Era of
Good Feelings”
WHY?
ANSWER: With no Federalists, the US seemed united
THE PANIC OF 1819
Over speculation on the frontier causes first national
recession since Washington was President.
Bank of United States demanded payment from Western
banks  chain reaction of foreclosures, bank failures,
bankruptcies, unemployment.
Westerners are especially hard hit 
giving rise to Jacksonian democrats
Is the Era of Good Feelings over?
How do you explain the election of 1820?
Growing Pains out West
Nine Western States added from 1791 – 1819
States admitted slave or free alternatively. WHY?
FACTORS DRIVING WESTWARD MIGRATION?
•
Immigration from the older states and from Old World
•
Land exhaustion in tobacco states
•
Ending Indian threat on frontier
•
Improved roads and highways
•
Invention of steamboat
•
Land speculation
•
Economic hardship  new opportunities
Western Demands
1. Cheap acreage  Land Act of 1820
2. Cheap Transportation  Federal
subsidies
3. Cheap Money  “Wildcat” banks
SLAVERY, SECTIONALISM,
BALANCE?
•
•
•
•
Debate over Missouri’s admission as a state
threatens the balance of power.
Missouri is the first state from the LA Territory
Tallmadge amendment prohibits growth of
slavery in the territory, South fears federalist
intervention in South itself
Seen by South as a “tipping point” – falling
behind more and more
Missouri Compromise is forged by Henry Clay
Missouri Compromise of 1820
• A little horse-trading:
Maine will be admitted as a free state
Missouri will be admitted as a slave state
(defeating the Tallmadge Amendment)
• This keeps the balance of slave:free at 12:12.
• Southern Boundary of Missouri set as the
northernmost boundary of slavery
• True compromise: nobody very happy with result!
• Lasted for 15 years, until “Bleeding Kansas.”
• Despite conflict over slavery, nationalism prevails
http://media.maps101.com/SUB/STATE_THEMATIC/kyhist3.gif
McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819
ISSUE: Can the state of MD tax the national bank?
(States v. Federal Government)
DECISION: (Marshall) Federal government CAN create the
national bank (due to implied powers) AND the state of MD
CANNOT tax the bank b/c
“the power to tax implies the power to destroy” &
“a power to create implies a power to preserve”
HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Marshall creates the legal theory of
“loose constructionism” with this decision.
Cohens v. Virginia, 1821
ISSUE: The Cohens appeal decision of State Court of
Virginia convicting them to Supreme Court.
DECISION: Virginia Court’s decision is upheld.
HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Marshall establishes the Supreme Court’s right
to review the decisions of State Courts.
(Big blow to states’ rights!)
Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824
ISSUE: Can one state (NY) control interstate
commerce (by granting a monopoly to a ferry
company).
DECISION: No, only Congress may control
interstate commerce.
HISTORICAL DECISION:
Affirms the Constitution,
power of federal government,
and limits the states’ rights re: commerce.
Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
ISSUE: Can legislatures violate private
contracts?
DECISION: No. Affirmed private property
rights over and against popular legislatures.
HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Strengthened property rights
against attacks by democratic institutions
WEBSTER AND MARSHALL
Federalists may be dead,
but FEDERALISM is alive and well!!!
Q: What is the legacy of Webster and Marshall?
A: A strong federal government
and a uniform and stable environment for business
Rush-Bagot Treaty1818
“The Rush–Bagot
Agreement between
Great Britain and the
United States
demilitarized the Great
Lakes and defined the
border between the US
and Canada at the 49th
parallel. Negotiated by
Secretary of State John
Quincy Adams, the
Rush–Bagot Agreement
eliminated some of the
most contentious issues
between the United
States and Great
Britain.”
http://www.historycentral.com/NN/Rush.ht
Oregon and Florida
John Quincy Adams, Sec. of State, negotiates Treaty of 1818
1. Established the boundary w/ Canada
2. Est. important fishing rights off Newfoundland
3. Est. 10 yr. Joint occupation of Oregon
1818 Jackson invades Spanish Florida
under guise of pursuing “outlaws” and exceeds his “authority”
from Washington, deposing Spanish governor and executing
prisoners. John Q. Adams takes advantage of Jackson’s
bloody zeal and forces Spain to concede Florida.
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
Pres. Monroe, inspired by John Quincy Adams declares:
1. Europe may no longer colonize in the Western Hemisphere
2. Europe may no longer intervene in the Western Hemisphere
Directed at monarchies in Europe, esp. Russia who were
threatening American and Latin American republics.
ENFORCER?
Britain!
Why?