Chapter 10
Nationalism and Sectionalism
Economic Nationalism
 An unexpected benefit of the War of 1812
 Jefferson’s embargo forced Americans to look inward for the
production of their finished goods. This led to the first American
Industrial Revolution and a surge of economic growth.
 The Bank of the United States
 The charter for the first Bank of the United States ended in 1811
and was not immediately renewed. Without the financial control
the central bank, economic turmoil ensued. To stabilize the
economy, a second bank was chartered, which would last for 20
years.
Economic
Nationalism
 A protective tariff
 To protect the fledgling American industrial sector from competing
British imports, the Tariff of 1816 was enacted. The north, where most
of the manufacturing base was located, was for it, and the south was
against it. The agrarian economy of the south depended on shipping
goods abroad to agents who sold them, purchased needed items, and
shipped them back to America. Southerners were upset because they
were forced to pay the import tax.
 Internal improvements
 The War of 1812 revealed several shortcomings of the United States.
One of these was the transportation infrastructure. The first attempt to
fix this problem was the construction of the Cumberland, or National,
Road.
Economic Nationalism
 The American System
 The internal improvements, the creation of an industrial
infrastructure, and the stabilizing of the American economy after
the War of 1812 has been the American System. It required a
more active role of the federal government in the lives of the
citizens. The first proponent of the American System was Henry
Clay.
Good Feelings
 After the demise of the Federalist Party, the Democrat-Republicans
remained as the only viable party. This period of one-party rule is known
as the Era of Good Feelings.
 James Monroe
 Continuing the Virginia dynasty of early American presidents, Monroe followed
Madison in the White House. Monroe had served as secretary of state and
secretary of war under Madison.
 Relations with Britain
 After the conclusion of the War of 1812, the United States never fought another
war with Great Britain; in fact, the two nations formed closed diplomatic ties.
One of the first steps in this process was the Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817, which
ended the naval arms race on the Great Lakes. Both sides agreed to limit the
number of warships in the lakes. The next effort was the Convention of 1818,
which settled the northern limit of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel.
Good Feelings
 The extension of boundaries
 The United States now stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the Rocky
Mountains; only Spanish America kept it from straddling the continent.
However, Spain still controlled the territory of Florida and a narrow bit of
land from its panhandle to the Mississippi River. This area was a lawless
zone where bandits and Indians set up headquarters because U.S.
officials could not legally cross the border.
 To combat hostile Seminoles on the Florida border, Jackson was
dispatched with 2,000 troops. There he discovered two British spies,
whom he summarily executed before continuing to pursue the Seminoles
into Florida. At the same time, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams
was negotiating with Spain to purchase the territory. He used Jackson’s
exploits to strengthen his hand in obtaining Florida and establishing the
western border of Louisiana.

Boundary Treaties, 1818–1819
Crises and Compromises
 The Panic of 1819
 In 1819, Great Britain, still the chief importer of the South’s cotton,
turned to its colony of India to obtain cheaper cotton. This
revealed the fragility of the U.S. economic system. Although a
depression did not occur, a panic most certainly did.
 The Missouri Compromise
 After the Revolution, the United States followed an alternating
pattern when admitting states into the union: one slave then one
free state. When Missouri requested admittance, there were
twenty-two states—eleven free, eleven slave. The Northwest
Ordinance of 1787 had dictated that there were to be no slave
states there, but no such policy existed for states formed from the
Louisiana territory. Eventually, Missouri gained statehood and an
agreement was reached that no more slave states would be
allowed north of the 36⁰ 30’ line.
The Missouri Compromise, 1820
Judicial Nationalism
 John Marshall, chief justice
 Chief Justice John Marshall extended the powers of the Supreme Court to
provide a more nationalist role of the federal government in state affairs.
 In the landmark case Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Marshall’s decision
removed the power of the states to modify contracts on a whim.
 Strengthening the federal government
 The relationship between the state and the federal government was forever
changed when Marshall delivered his ruling in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819).
The case involved the right of the national government to create a bank
because it was not specifically mentioned as a power given to Congress in the
Constitution. Marshall ruled that a clause in Article I, section 8 was purposefully
left vague to allow Congress to create “necessary and proper” entities for them.
 In Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) , Marshall exerted the right of the nation to regulate
state commerce.
Nationalist Diplomacy
 The Pacific Northwest
 Continuing his diplomatic successes on land issues, John Quincy Adams
completed a treaty with Russia in 1824 that defined the Oregon Territory’s
southern boundary.
 The Monroe Doctrine
 During the French Revolution, Spain had ignored its Latin American
colonies which had rebelled against their motherland. By 1823, when it
became apparent that Europe was willing to go to war to retake these
colonies, Monroe issued a statement, declaring that the New World was
no longer open to colonization by Europe. The United States did not
have the military power to back up the Monroe Doctrine, but Great Britain,
who approved of the decision, did.
One-Party Politics
 Presidential nominations in 1824
 In the election of 1824, with no political party to contend against, the
Democrat Republicans turned on themselves and ran four
candidates for the presidency. No candidate won an electoral
majority, and the election was sent to the House of Representatives.
 The corrupt bargain
 Each state got one vote, regardless of how its citizens voted. In the
end, John Quincy Adams won the presidency, though he had lost the
popular vote and had come in second to Jackson in the electoral
vote. He nominated his fellow candidate Henry Clay, the speaker of
the house, to be his secretary of state. Because most past
presidents had served as secretary of state, Jackson took this as a
“corrupt bargain” struck by the two by which Clay would use his
influence in the House to secure Adams the presidency and thus
would be made heir apparent.
One-Party Politics
 John Quincy Adams
 As president, Adams supported bold internal improvements.
Such a program, coupled with the unusualness of the 1824
election, resulted in the end of the Era of Good Feelings and the
emergence of a new party, the National Republicans.
 The election of Andrew Jackson
 Almost from the moment the Adams was declared president, the
1828 campaign began. Jackson and his followers launched
attacks on the character of Adams, which the president’s
supporters returned with equally blistering assaults. In the end,
Jackson was elected to the presidency.
The Election of 1828